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PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 1 Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 2 Introduction • Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and blood vessels • Cardiac muscle – Makes up bulk of heart – Provides force to pump blood • Function: transports blood © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 3 3 The Anatomy of the Heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 4 Introduction • Located in the mediastinum • Surrounded by pericardial sac – Fibrous pericardium: outer layer – Serous pericardium: inner layer © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 5 The Layers of the Heart Wall • Epicardium: outermost layer • Pericardial cavity: separates epicardium and serous pericardium • Myocardium: middle muscular layer • Endocardium: lines the heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 6 The Layers of the Heart Wall (cont’d.) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 7 The Chambers of the Heart • • • • Upper chambers: right and left atria Lower chambers: right and left ventricles Chambers separated internally by septum External separations – Coronary sulcus: separates atria and ventricles – Interventricular sulci: separate ventricles © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 8 Chambers of the Heart (cont’d.) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 9 The Great Vessels of the Heart • Superior vena cava – Receives blood from upper body • Inferior vena cava – Receives blood from lower body • Coronary sinus: drains blood from heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 10 The Great Vessels of the Heart (cont’d.) • Pulmonary trunk: right and left artery – Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs • Pulmonary veins (four): return oxygenated blood to heart • Ascending aorta: oxygenated blood out to body – Aortic arch, descending thoracic, abdominal © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 11 • Four chambers of the heart and great vessels © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 12 The Valves of the Heart • Atrioventricular – Tricuspid (three cusps) • Between right atrium and right ventricle – Bicuspid (two cusps) • Between left atrium and right ventricle – Cusps attach to ventricles by chordae tendineae © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 13 The Valves of the Heart (cont’d.) • Semilunar – Pulmonary • Right ventricle • Pulmonary trunk exits the heart – Aortic • Left ventricle • Ascending aorta leaves the heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 14 Blood Flow Through the Heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 15 Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) • Two atria contract while ventricles relax • Two ventricles contract while atria relax • Deoxygenated blood returns from body to right atrium • Sent to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs • Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 16 Blood Flow Through the Heart (cont’d.) • Sent to left ventricle • Left ventricle sends blood to the body via the ascending aorta © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 17 The Conduction System of the Heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 18 The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.) • Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker; initiates impulse • Atrioventricular (AV) node: sends impulse to AV bundle • Bundle of His: sends impulses to both sides of system • Purkinje’s fibers: send impulse to myocardial cells © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 19 The Conduction System of the Heart (cont’d.) © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 20 20 Animation – The Heart • See the conduction system at work in the 3-D Heart animation. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 21 A Cardiac Cycle © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 22 A Cardiac Cycle (cont’d.) • One cycle – Atria contract / ventricles relax – Ventricles contract / atria relax • Systole: contraction phase • Diastole: relaxation phase © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 23 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 24 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) • Systemic circulation – All blood leaving left ventricle (oxygenated) – All blood returning to right atrium (deoxygenated) – Subdivisions • Coronary circulation • Hepatic portal circulation © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 25 Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes (cont’d.) • Pulmonary: blood flow to lungs for gas exchange • Cerebral: route to the brain • Fetal: between developing fetus and mother © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 26 Anatomy of Blood Vessels © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 27 Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) • Arteries and veins have three layers – Tunica intima: innermost layers – Tunica media: middle layer – Tunica adventitia: outer layer • Lumen: blood vessel cavity • Anastomosis: junction of blood vessels © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 28 Anatomy of Blood Vessels (cont’d.) • Arteries: thicker and stronger than veins • Arterioles: small arteries attach to capillaries • Capillaries: gas nutrient and waste exchange • Venules: connect capillaries to veins • Veins: less elastic than arteries, contain valves © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 29 Major Arteries and Veins of the Body © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 30 Ascending Aorta Branches • Right and left coronary arteries branch off and supply the heart © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 31 Aortic Arch Branches • 1st branch: brachiocephalic artery – Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery • 2nd branch: left common carotid artery – Left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery • 3rd branch: left subclavian artery – Vertebral artery, axillary artery, brachial artery and radial and ulnar arteries © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 32 Thoracic Aorta Branches • • • • 10 pairs of intercostal arteries Bronchial arteries Esophageal arteries Phrenic arteries © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 33 Abdominal Aorta Branches • • • • • • Celiac trunk Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries Right and left renal arteries Right and left gonadal arteries Lumbar arteries Right and left common iliac artery – Femoral artery © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 34 Abdominal Aorta Branches (cont’d.) • Veins – Found closer to surface than arteries – Converge with: • Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava – Veins are often named identically to arteries © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 35 Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava • Radial and ulnar veins form brachial vein – Empties into axillary vein • • • • • Cephalic vein Basilic vein Subclavian vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 36 Veins Merging into the Superior Vena Cava (cont’d.) • Right and left brachiocephalic veins • Azygos vein © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 37 Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava • Anterior and posterior tibial veins • Peroneal vein • Popliteal/femoral veins – External iliac vein • Great saphenous veins • Right and left common iliac veins • Right and left gonadal veins © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 38 Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava (cont’d.) • Right and left renal veins • Hepatic portal vein • Right and left hepatic veins © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 39 Animation – Ventricular Fibrillation • The following animation illustrates the seriousness of an ineffective quivering action of the ventricles of the heart, known as ventricular fibrillation [Insert VentricularFib.swf] © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 40 Animation – Congestive Heart Failure • Read about this condition in the Health Alert box on Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in your textbook. • Now watch the congestive heart failure animation. • [Insert CHF.swf] © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 41 Summary • Named the layers of the heart wall • Named the chambers and valves of the heart • Described blood flow through the heart • Described the conduction system of the heart • Discussed the stages of the cardiac cycle © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 42 Summary (cont’d.) • Compared the anatomy of a vein, artery and capillary • Named the major blood circulatory routes and blood vessels © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning 43