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Transcript
The Rise of Greek City-States WH C2 PO3 1 Geography and the Greek Homeland Greece WH C2 PO3 2 Mountains and Valleys • Part of the Balkan peninsula that is covered with Mountains and isolated valleys • Hundreds of rocky islands • Geography caused them to develop individual city-states – Included the city and surrounding countryside • Each was fiercely independent – Led to frequent wars WH C2 PO3 3 City-States WH C2 PO3 4 The Seas • Vital link to the world outside of Greece • Greek coastline provided safe harbors for ships • Greeks traded olive oil, wine and marble for grains and metal. • Trading also brought them into contact with new ideas. WH C2 PO3 5 Development of the Alphabet • Greeks traded with Phoenicians and borrowed their alphabet . – Modified it • Greek alphabet became the basis for all western alphabets WH C2 PO3 6 Population Growth • As cities grew, Greeks left to populate new areas throughout the Mediterranean. • Greek settlers and traders carried their ideas and culture with them. WH C2 PO3 7 WH C2 PO3 8 Governing the City-States • Polis – Greek version of the city-state – Built on two levels • Acropolis or high city – Location of temples to the many gods • Walled main city – Market place, theaters, public buildings and homes WH C2 PO3 9 Acropolis of Athens WH C2 PO3 10 Acropolis of Athens WH C2 PO3 11 Early Governments • 750B.C. to 500 B.C. – most city states ruled by monarchs • Moved to an aristocracy ( ruling landowners) • As trade create a middle class which gained power – ruled by an oligarchy (small group of elite business class) WH C2 PO3 12 Changes in Warfare • Changes in military tech increase the power of the middle class. • Iron weapons replaced bronze ones – Cheaper so more people could own them WH C2 PO3 13 New Methods of Fighting • Phalanx – massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers. WH C2 PO3 14 Changes in Warfare • Phalanx formations required long hours of training – Created a sense of unity among Citizen-soldiers • Phalanx reduced class differences • Athens and Sparta – two most important Citystates developed different ways of life. – One militaristic (Sparta) – One individualistic (Athens) WH C2 PO3 15 Sparta WH C2 PO3 16 Sparta: A Nation of Warriors • The Spartans were Dorians that conquered the southern part of Greece. • Enslaved the people there- calling them helots or state owned slaves • Set up a brutal system of strict control WH C2 PO3 17 Spartan Government • Included two kings and a council of elders • Assembly of Citizens – All native born males over the age of 30 • Assembly elected five ephors – – Officials that ran the day to day operations of the city. WH C2 PO3 18 Citizenship • From childhood – Spartans prepared to be a part of the military – Sick children were left to die • At Seven, boys began military training – Became excellent soldiers • to teach cunning – told to steal food and if caught severely punished. • 20 – could marry but still lived in the barracks for another 10 years; at 30 could become Citizen WH C2 PO3 19 Spartan Women • Expected to produce healthy sons for military • Expected to exercise and strengthen their body • Had to obey fathers/ husbands but could inherit property • Ran family businesses and estates WH C2 PO3 20 Sparta and its Neighbors • • • • Looked down on trade and wealth Forbade citizens from travelling Had little use for new ideas or art Spartan lifestyle – today one of no frills! WH C2 PO3 21 Athens: A limited Democracy • Athens was located in Attica – north of the Peloponnesus • Government evolved from a monarchy into an aristocracy WH C2 PO3 22 Demands for Change • Athenian wealth grew under the aristocracy • Discontent spread among ordinary people – Demanded rights for service to Athens – Artisans resentful they couldn’t be citizens – Famers demanded change • Some sold themselves into slavery to pay debts • Athens slowly moved toward Democracy WH C2 PO3 23 Reforms • Major reforms occurred between 594B.C. and 507 B.C. – Debt slavery was outlawed – Citizenship to foreigners – Exports of wine and olive oil – Building projects gave jobs to the poor • Tyrants – people that gained power by force – Supported by merchant and poor classes WH C2 PO3 24 Cleisthenes • 507 B.C., broadened the role of the citizen • Set up Council of 500 – Chosen by lot – Prepared laws for the assembly – Supervised day to day operations • He made the assembly an genuine legislature • Male citizens over the age of 30 WH C2 PO3 25 Limited Rights • Only male citizens could participate in government • Citizenship severely limited – Thousands of slaves – no rights of citizens – Slaves gave citizens the time to participate • Athens gave more people a say in government than any other civilization of its day. WH C2 PO3 26 Athenian Women • Played no role in public life • Aristotle – saw women as unable to reason like men • Led a secluded existence – managing the households – Slaves or children sent to run errands • Poor women did work outside the home WH C2 PO3 27 Education for Democracy • Girls received little or no education, boys attended schools if family could afford it. • Learned to read & write; played music; recited poetry; • Studied public speaking – required for being a good citizen • Military training • Unlike Sparta – encouraged to explore many areas of knowledge. WH C2 PO3 28 Common Culture • Language • Same gods and heroes – Zeus ( god of gods & humans) • Athena ( wisdom) • Aphrodite ( love) • Ares (war) • Viewed non-Greeks as barbaroi or barbarians WH C2 PO3 29