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Plants Did you know… • Roughly 80% of US money contains traces of cocaine. Did you know • If you added up every blink in your lifetime and used them all at once your eyes would be closed for 1.2 years What we already know… • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs Cell walls contain cellulose Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts using the pigment chlorophyll Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations • 2 alternating phases 1. diploid (2N) – called the sporophyte, produces spores 2. haploid (N)- called the gametophyte, produces gametes Alternation of Generations What plants need to survive 1. 2. 3. 4. Sunlight Water and Minerals Gas exchange Movement of water and nutrients Early Plants Evolved from green algae – member of the kingdom Protista, a small plantlike protist. Early plants were still restricted to very wet areas due to the lack of true roots 5 Major Plant Groups in the Plantae Kingdom NONVASCULAR Mosses (produce spores) VASCULAR Seedless Seed Ferns (produce spores) Gymnosperm Angiosperm seeds in cones) ( (seeds in flowers and fruit) Monocot Dicot Remember this chart!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • VASCULAR TISSUES – specialized cells that transport water and other materials. Found almost all land plants. Allows materials to be distributed more efficiently. • NONVASCULAR – relatively small plants that have no vascular system. How plants are grouped: 1. The presence or absence of vascular tissue. 2. Their method of reproduction. BRYOPHYTES: Mosses, Hornworts and Liverworts Characteristics of Bryophytes • Life cycle depends on water for reproduction • No vascular tissue, draw up water through osmosis, lack roots – have RHIZOIDS: long, thin cells that anchor them into the ground. • Low growing, small • Found in moist, shaded areas Important tems • Archegonia – female sex structure, where eggs are produced – much like the ovary • Antheridia – male sex structure that produces sperm • Sometimes both structures are found on the same plant, others are on separate plants. Vascular Plants Called Tracheophytes: ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms • Evolution of vascular tissue, developed a new cell that allowed them to conduct water • TRACHEIDS: hollow cells with thick cell walls that withstand pressure. Allow water to move more efficiently than osmosis. Connected end to end like drinking straws Vascular Tissues • Allow plants to move substances against gravity. • XYLEM: transports water upward from the roots to the rest of the plant • PHLOEM: transports nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis from the leaves downwards to the rest of the plant Seedless vascular plants • Club mosses (P:lycophyta)–small plants that live in moist woody areas, near streams Seedless vascular plants cont. • Horsetails-(P:arthrophyta) commonly called Equisetum or horsetails, once used to scour pots and pans in colonial times because stems contain silica Ferns: Phylum Pterophyta • Seedless vascular plants • Second largest phylum of the plant kingdom • Over 20,000 species • Creeping underground stems called rhizoids Ferns • Do not have seeds, have spores, found on the underside of the leaf. • Leaves are called fronds. • 1ST appeared 400 million years ago. Clusters are called sori (sorus) – individual clusters are called sporangia 1. What are the two types of vascular tissue? 2. What are the three phyla of seedless vascular plants? 3. What is the dominant stage of the fern life cycle? 4. What process is going on inside clusters of sori? 5. How is water essential to the life cycle of bryophytes? 6. What is the female reproductive structure located in the gametophyte called? Male? 7. What characteristic of bryophytes is responsible for their small size? Seed Plants • Divided into 2 groups, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms • Success is due to three things 1. water is not needed to reproduce 2. transfer of sperm is done by pollination 3. embryos are protected in seeds. Types of Vascular Plants: Seed = Gymnosperm • Plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit). • Means “naked seed” • Sperm is carried by the wind. • Ex. Pine trees, cycads, conifers, palm trees. . GYMNOSPERMS TVhe Svalbard Global Seed ault is seen Monday Feb. 25, 2008 in Longyearbyen, Norway. A 'doomsday' vault built to withstand an earthquake or nuclear strike is ready to open deep in the permafrost of an Arctic mountain, where it will protect millions of agriculture seeds from man-made and natural disasters. The vault is to be officially inaugurated on Tuesday, less than year after crews started drilling in Norway's Svalbard archipelago, about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) from the North Pole. The vault has the capacity to store 4.5 million seed samples from around the globe, shielding them from climate change, wars, natural disasters and other threats. (AP Photo/John McConnico) • Place everything against the wall except your notes book and something to write with. FLOWERS: Advantages of flowers 1. Allows plants to reproduce without water. 2. Aid in attracting pollinators. 3. Aid in dispersal of seeds (fruit) 4. Holds reproductive structures. FLOWERS Flowers Consist of 4 specialized leaves Petal – attracts insects and other pollinators to the plant. Sepal – outermost leaf that encloses the bud before it opens, protects developing seeds Flowers: FEMALE Reproductive Structures Called the 3. PISTIL or CARPEL. Contains the ovary. Female gametophyte PARTS OF THE PISTIL 1. Stigma – sticky top that grabs the pollen 2. Style – the stalk of the ovary 3. Ovary – swollen lower portion where ovules develop. Where fertilization occurs. 4. Ovules – eggs- become the seeds after fertilization Flowers: MALE Reproductive Structures 4. STAMEN. Male gametophyte Parts of the stamen: Anther – produces pollen, site of meiosis Filament – supports the anther How Reproduction Occurs in Flowers 1st – POLLINATION - pollen (male) is transferred from the anther to the stigma. 2nd – Male pollen sprouts a pollen tube that connects to the ovule and allows the sperm to go directly to the egg. 3rd – FERTILIZATION- The sperm and egg join Fruit Formation Following fertilization: Ovary walls thicken to form a fruit to enclose the developing seeds. SEEDS • Structure that contains the embryo of the plant. • All seeds have four main characteristics: 1. Protection – seed coat keeps the seed from drying out and protects from injury/disease. 2. Nourishment – nutrients are stored within the seed. 3. Plant dispersal – spread by wind, water, or animals. Prevents competition between the parent and the offspring. 4. Delayed growth – most seeds will not sprout until the conditions are favorable. Allows plants to survive drought or cold winters. PARTS OF A SEED endosperm Dicot seed PARTS OF A SEED 1. Hypocotyl – connects cotyledon and radicle 2. Epicotyl - will become the shoot (contains stems and leaves 3. Cotyledon – leaf-like structures 4. Seed coat – outermost layer, serves as protection 5. Radicle – embryonic root 6. Embryo – developing offspring that the seed protects. 7. Endosperm – provides nutrients to the embryo How seeds grow: Seed Germination • Germination occurs when the seed has good growing conditions. • Water enters the seed causing the tissues to swell and the seed coat to break. • If enough water is present it causes the seed to grow. • The first root and stem emerge. Why Fruit? Main goal is seed dispersal. Animals eat the fruit and then eliminate far away from the parent plant. This decreases competition of the parent and offspring. Fruits vs. Vegetables • FRUITS HAVE SEEDS • VEGETABLES DO NOT HAVE SEEDS, THEY ARE EITHER FLOWERS OR MODIFIED ROOTS, STEMS OR LEAVES. Roots, Stems and Leaves • Plants are made up of 3 principal organs: roots, stems and leaves Plant Tissue Systems • 3 types: 1. Dermal tissue – outer covering of plant consists of a single layer of epidermal cells. Usually covered by a thick waxy coating called the cuticle Trichomes – cells with tiny projections making the leaf appear hairy Guard cells- in epidermal layer on underside of a leaf, regulate water loss Vascular Tissue • Moves water and nutrients through the plant • Several types of specialized cells XYLEM – cells are called tracheids (found in angiosperms and gymnosperms) Vessel elements – found only in angiosperms, wider than trachieds. Look like stacked tin cans. Allows for continous flow Functions of ROOTS • • • • Anchor the plant Hold soil in place and prevent erosion Transport water and nutrients Holds plants upright 3 Main organs of a Plant 1. ROOTS 2. STEMS 3. LEAVES 1. Roots: Major Functions 1. Anchor plant. 2. Absorb water and mineral nutrients. 3. Function as storage in some plants. 1. Roots: 2 Types 1. Taproot system– large central root, with smaller roots branching off. Serves as storage .Ex. Carrots and radishes 2. Fibrous root system – highly branched root system. How water and nutrients enter the root: 1. Osmosis – roots take in water from the soil by osmosis. 2. Active transport – movement of nutrients through the plant, requires energy. Roots 2. Stems: Major Functions 1. Support the leaves and house the vascular tissue. 2. Serves as a highway that transports materials to the leaves and roots. Adaptations of Stems These functions include nutrient storage, reproduction and protection. 6 Main types: 1. Runner – Airplane plant 2. Bulb – onion, daffodil 3. Corm - gladiolus 4. Rhizome – Ferns, strawberries 5. Tuber – potatoes, caladiums 6. Thorns Adaptations of Stems Stems 3. Leaves: Major Functions 1. Photosynthetic organ of the plant – collects energy from the sun. 2. Manufactures food. 3. Leaves: Parts 1. Cuticle – waxy covering on the outside of the leaf that decreases the rate of water evaporation. 2. Epidermis – layer of cells found below the cuticle that also prevent water loss. 3. Stomata- tiny holes in the epidermis that allow for air exchange. 4. Guard cells – specialized cells that “guard” the opening and closing of the stomata based on the climate. 5. Mesophyll – cells found in the leaf – 2 distinct layers. 6. Veins – made up of xylem and phloem, vascular bundles. 3. Leaves: Mesophyll 1. Spongy mesophyll – inner layer of loosely packed irregular shaped cells, contain the vascular bundles. 2. Palisade mesophyll – where photosynthesis actually occurs. Large column shaped cells that contain many chloroplasts. Leaf structures • Adaptations of Leaves