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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Chapter 32: Introduction to Animal Evolution
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the one best answer.
1. Sponges differ from the rest of the animals be
cause
a. they are completely sessile.
b. they have radial symmetry and are suspensionfeeders.
c -theirsimpIe-body structure rLas-notrue-nssues—-and they have a unique embryology.
d. they are not multicellular.
e. they have no flagellated cells.
2.. An. insect larva
a. is a miniature version of the adult.
b. is transformed into an adult by molting.
c. ensures more genetic variation in the insect life
cycle.
d. is a sexually immature organism specialized
for eating and growth.
e. is all of the above.
3. Cephalization
a. is the development of bilateral symmetry.
b. is the formation of a coelom by budding from
the archenteron.
c. is a diagnostic characteristic of deuterostomes.
d. is common in radially symmetrical animals.
e. is associated with motile animals that concen
trate sensory organs in a head region.
4. A true coelom
a. is found in deuterostomes.
b. is found in protostomes.
c. is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by
mesoderm.
d. may be used as a hydrostatic skeleton by softbodied coelomates.
e. is all of the above.
•
5. Which of the following is descriptive of proto
stomes?
a. radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore
becomes m.outh
b. spiral and indeterminate cleavage, coelom
forms as split in solid mass of mesoderm
c. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore
becomes mouth, S hizocoelous development
d. spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore
becomes mouth, enterocoelous development
e. radial and determinate cleavage, enterocoelous
development, blastopore becomes anus
6. A gastrovascular cavity
a. functions in both digestion and circulation and
has a single opening.
b. has a large incurrent siphon and smaller excur
rent pores.
c. is found in the phyla Cnidarja, Platy
helminthes, and Rotif era.
d. develops from the hollow blastula stage.
e. forms from a split in mesoderm.
7. Which of the following is not descriptive of a
pseudocoelomate?
a. a body cavity incompletely lined by mesoderm
b. bilateral symmetry
c. triploblastic
d. true tissues
e. schizocoelous formation of body cavity
8. According to evidence from developmental
genetics, the last common ancestor of the bilateral
animals may have been
a. a parazoan that resembled a sponge.
b. a complex animal with a head, a longitudinal
nerve cord, and a segmented body with legs.
c. a simple bilateral animal with no specializa
tion.
d. a colonial flagellated protist.
e. a pseudocoelomate such as a roundworm.
9. Which of the following was probably not a factor
contributing to the Cambrian explosion?
a. the emergence or predator—prey relationships
between animals
b. the accumulation of diverse adaptations such
as shells and different modes of locomotion
c. the movement of animals onto land
d. the evolution of mechanisms that controlled
the expression of developmental genes
e. the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric
oxygen to support the more active metabolism
required of more mobile animals
10. The oldest known animals
a. were colonies of flagellated protists.
b. were acoelomate worms.
c. were sponges of the radiata.
d. were soft-bodied creatures from the Ediacaran
period.
e. were from the Cambrian explosion at the
beginning of the Paleozoic era.
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Chapter 33: Invertebrates
K INTERACTIVE QUESTION
245
9. sea urchin
33.10
List the key characteristics that distinguish the phy
lum Echinodermata.
10. hydra
11. planaria
a.
12. chambered nautilus
b.
Phyla
A. Annelida
a. Arachnida
B. Arthropoda
b. Bivalvia
C. Cnidaria
c. Cephaiopoda
P. Echinodermata
d. Cestoidea
e. Crustacea
f. Echinoidea
E. Mollusca
I Phylum Chordata: The chordates include
two invertebrate subphyla and all
vertebrates (626)
Echinoderms and chordates share deuterostome
developmenta.l characteristics but have existed as sep..
arate phyla for at least 500 million years.
Classes
E Nematoda
G. Nemertea
I. Porifera
g. Gastropoda
h. Hirudinea
i. Hydrozoa
J. Rotifera
j. Insecta
H. Platyhelminthes
k. Oligochaeta
1. Scyphozoa
STRUCTURE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Return to the concept map or diagram you made
in Chapter 32 of the broad groups in the kingdom
Animalia. Review those evolutionary branch
points and then add the major phyla included in
each group. Include common examples of animals
in each phylum.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
MATCHING: Match the following organisms with their
classes and phyla. Answers may be used more than once or
not at all.
Phylum
Class
Organism
1. jelly (jellyfish)
2. crayfish
3. snail
4. leech
5. tapeworm
6. cricket
7. scallop
8. tick
m.Turbellaria
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the one best answer.
1. Invertebrates include
a. all animals except for the phylum Vertebrata.
b. all animals without backbones.
c. only animals that use hydrostatic skeletons.
d. members of the parazoa, radiata, and proto
stomes, but not of the deuterostomes.
e. all the animals that evolved in the Cambrian
explosion.
2. Which of the following is the best description of
the phylum Porifera?
a. radial symmetry, diploblastic, cnidocytes for
capturing prey
b. radial symmetry, triploblastic, nematocysts for
protection
c. radial symmetry, without true tissues,
choanocytes for trapping food partides
d. bilateral symmetry, pseudocoel, flame cells for
excretion
e. bilateral symmetry, osculum and spongocoel
for filtering water
3. Which of the following does not have a gastrovas
cular cavity for digestion?
a. flatworm
b. hydra
c. polychaete worm
d. sea anemone
e. fluke
)
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Llnit Five: The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
4. Why is the phylogenetic position of the lopho
phorate animals uncertain?
a. They have a distinct lophophore surrounding
the mouth that is not found in any other phy
luni.
b. Their embryonic development resembles that
ofthe:: deuterostornes- but: molecular: systemat-ics places them closer to the protostomes.
c. They have excretory, sensory, and nervous sys
tems that are most similar to the flatworms, but
the fluid-filled sac that operates their proboscis
may be homologous to a coelom.
d. They have no representatives in the fossil
record, so their evolutionary history is totally
unknown.
e. They have radial symmetry like the radiate but
a pseudocoelom like a nematode.
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--
5. Hermaphrodites
a. contain male and female sex organs but usually
cross-fertilize.
b. include sponges, earthworms, and most
insects.
c. are characteristically found in parthenogenic
rotifers.
d. arebothaandb.
e. are a, b, and c.
6. Which of the following is not true of criidaxians?
a. An alternation of medusa and polyp stage is
common in the class Hydrozoa.
b. They use a ring of tentacles armed with sting
ing cells to capture prey.
c. They include hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and
planarians.
d. They have a nerve net that coordinates contrac
tion of microfilaments for movement.
e. They have a gastrovascular cavity.
7. Which of the following combinations of phylum
and characteristics is incorrect?
a. Nemertea—proboscis worm, complete diges
tive tract
b. Rotifera—parthenogenesis, crown of cilia,
microscopic animals
c. Nematoda—gastrovascular cavity, tough cuti
cle, ubiquitous
ci. Annelida—segmentation, closed circulation,
hydrostatic skeleton
e. Echinodermata—radial symmetry, endoskele
ton, water vascular system
8. Which of the following is either not an excretory
structure or is incorrectly matched with its class?
a. metanephridia—Oligoci-kaeta
b. Malpighian tubules—Echinoidea
c. flame cells—Turbellaria
d. thin region of cuticle—Crustacea
e-±ion• across cell membranes—Hydrozoa
9. Torsion
a. is embryonic asymmetric growth that results in
a U-shaped digestive tract in gastropods.
b. is characteristic of mollusks.
c. is responsible for the spiral growth of bivalve
shells.
d. describes the thrashing movement of nema
todes.
e. is responsible for the metamorphosis of insects.
10. Bivalves differ from other mollusks in that they
a. are predaceous.
b. have no heads and are suspension-feeders.
c. have shells.
ci. have open circulatory systems.
e. use a radula to feed as they burrow through
sand.
II. The exoskeleton of arthropods
a. functions in protection arid anchorage for mus
des.
b. is composed of chitin and cellulose.
c. is absent in millipedes arid centipedes.
d. expands at the joints when the arthropod
grows.
e. functions in respiration and movement.
12. Which of the following is true of the subgroup
uniramians?
a. The horseshoe crab is the one surviving marine
member of this group.
b. It contains the primarily aquatic crustaceans.
c. It contains insects, centipedes, and millipedes,
characterized by their unbrariched appendages.
d. It is characterized by jaw]ike mandibles, anten
nae, compound eyes, and includes all arthro
pods except the chelicerates.
e. It includes the extinct trilobites and euryp
tends.
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1. The distinction between the parazoans and eumetazoans is based
mainly on the absence versus the presence of
a. body cavities
b. a complete digestive tract
c. true tissues
&-acirculatory system
e. mesoderm
2. As a group, acoelomates are tharacterized by
a. ga.strovascular cavities
b. the absence of mesoden-n
c. deuterostome development
ci a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderin
e. a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
4. The radiata and bilateria of the eumetazoa both exhibit
a. cepha]ization
b. bilateraI symmetry of larval forms
c. dominance of the diploid stage in the life cycle
ci.. a complete digestive tract with separate mouth and anus
e. three germ layers in embryonic development
5. Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with
a. an ability to sense equally in all directions
b. the presence of a skeleton
c. motility and active predation and escape
ci development of a true coelorn
e. adaptation to terrestrial environments
6. A direct consequence of indeterminate cleavage is
a. formation of the archenteron
b. the ability of cells isolated from the early embryo to develop
into viable individuals
c. the arrangement of cleavage planes perpendicular to the egg’s
vertical axis
ci. the unpredictable forrñation of either a schizocoelous or ente
rocoelous body cavity
e. a mouth that forms in association with the blastopore
Many biologists.suspect that the rapid diversification of bilateral
phyla during the Cambrian
a. was triggered by declining concentrations of atmospheric car
bon dioxide
b. was associated with variation in patterns of embryonic
development
c. followed the development of gastrovascular cavities
ci. was possible once cleavage evolved
e. was the result of increased solar radiation and an accelerated
mutation rate
HAPTER 32
•
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL EVOLUTION
9. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description
is incorrect?
a. Echinodermata—branch bilateria, coelom from archenteron
b. Nematoda_-roundwo pseudocdelomate
c. Cnidaria—radial symmetry, gastrovasciilar cavity
d. Platyhelminthes_flatworm, gastrovascuiar cavity (in most
species), acoelomate
e. Porifera—ga.strovascular cavity mouth from llastopore
10. Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom
encompasses all the others in the list?
a. protostomes
ci coelornates
b. bilateria
e. deuterostornes
c. pseudocoeloniates
3. Which of the following is not descriptive of deuterostomes?
a. radial cleavage
b. includes humans
c. formation of the coelom from outpocketings of archenteron
d. development of the blastopore into the mouth
e. echinoderms and chordates
7.
8. Among the characteristics unique to animals is
a. gastrulation
ci flagellated sperm
b. multicellularity
e. heterotrophy
c. sexual reproduction
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