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Grammar 2 The present tense Ser / Estar Expressions using tener Reflexive verbs Commands Negatives and negative phrases Verbs which take the infinitive Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis verbales The present participle The present continuous 1 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Teacher’s Notes Many slides contain teacher’s notes. To access these notes go to ‘Notes Page View’ (PowerPoint 97) or ‘Normal View’ (PowerPoint 2000). Notes Page View Normal View Flash Files A flash file has been embedded into the PowerPoint slide wherever this icon is displayed – These files are not editable. Sound Files There is sound on the PowerPoint slide wherever this icon is displayed – These files are not editable. 2 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 1 The present tense is used to talk about what is happening now or, in general terms, what happens every day. Examples: Juego al tenis I play tennis Estoy en 1º de Bachillerato I am in Year 10 Tengo un hermano I have got one brother Me cepillo los dientes I brush my teeth The first example can be translated not just as ‘I play tennis’, but also as ‘I am playing tennis’ and ‘I do play tennis.’ In English we have different forms of the present tense just as we do in Spanish! 3 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 2 The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following way: 1. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ar Take the -ar from the end of the infinitive. Add the following endings: -o for -as for -a for -amos for -áis for -an for 4 of 45 I you he, she and it we you they © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 3 hablar – to speak habl o I speak, I am speaking habl as You speak, you are speaking habl a He / she speaks, he / she is speaking habl amos We speak, we are speaking habl áis You speak, you are speaking habl an They speak, they are speaking 5 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 4 The following verbs are all regular verbs like HABLAR. This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with HABLAR. The only difference will appear in the beginning (stem) of the verb. Here are some more common -ar verbs. Choose two and write them out in full, with the meaning in English. aceptar amar arreglar ayudar bajar bailar buscar 6 of 45 = to accept = to love = to fix = to help = to go down = to dance = to look for cantar charlar dibujar entrar ganar lavar llenar = to sing = to chat = to draw = to go in = to win = to wash = to fill llorar = to cry mirar = to look at pagar = to pay pescar = to fish saltar = to jump tocar = to touch viajar = to travel © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 5 2. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -er Take the -er from the end of the infinitive. Add the following endings: 7 of 45 -o for I -es for you -e for he, she and it -emos for we -éis for you -en for they © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 6 comer - to eat 8 of 45 com o I eat, I am eating com es You eat, you are eating com e He / she eats, he / she is eating com emos We eat, we are eating com éis You eat, you are eating com en They eat, they are eating © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 7 3. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ir Take the -ir from the end of the infinitive. Add the following endings: -o -es -e -imos -ís -en 9 of 45 for for for for for for I you he ,she, and it we you they © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 8 abrir - to open abr o I open, I am opening abr es You open, you are opening abr e He / she opens, he / she is opening abr imos We open, we are opening abr ís You open, you are opening abr en They open, they are opening 10 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 9 The following verbs are all regular verbs like COMER or ABRIR.. This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with COMER or ABRIR. The only difference will appear in the beginning (stem) of the verb. Choose one -er verb and one -ir verb and write each out in full with the meaning in English! Like COMER beber = to drink correr = to run coser = to sew 11 of 45 leer = to read meter = to put vender= to sell Like ABRIR cubrir = to cover escribir= to write permitir= to allow recibir = to receive © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 10 12 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 11 Stem change verbs Some verbs follow a slightly different pattern. We will call these stem change verbs. They have regular endings like -AR, -ER and -IR verbs, but certain letters change as you go through the verb forming a consistent pattern. There are three types of stem changes which occur: -o > -ue 13 of 45 -e > -ie -e > -i © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 12 Stem change verbs -o > -ue encontrar = to find 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. 1. encuentro encontrar: o changes to ue 2. encuentras 3. encuentra 4. encontramos 4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6. 5. encontráis 6. encuentran 14 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 13 Stem change verbs -o > -ue poder = to be able 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -er 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. 1. puedo 2. puedes poder: o changes to ue 3. puede 4. podemos 4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6. 5. podéis 6. pueden 15 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 15 Stem change verbs -o > - ue dormir = to sleep 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. dormir: o changes to ue 4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6. 16 of 45 1. duermo 2. duermes 3. duerme 4. dormimos 5. dormís 6. duermen © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 15 Stem change verbs -e > -ie pensar = to think 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pensar: -e changes to ie 4. Change the –e to –ie on parts 1 2 3 6. Querer and preferir are two more -e > -ie verbs. Can you write each out in full, using the four steps? 17 of 45 1. pienso 2. piensas 3. piensa 4. pensamos 5. pensáis 6. piensan © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 16 Stem change verbs -e > -i pedir = to ask for 1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir 2. Write out verb as if it were regular. 3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending. pedir: -e changes to i 4. Change the -e to -i on parts 1 2 3 6. Note! This change only occurs with –IR verbs 18 of 45 1. pido 2. pides 3. pide 4. pedimos 5. pedís 6. piden © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 17 Unfortunately not all verbs follow these patterns. Some common verbs are irregular and must be learnt by heart! tener to have tengo I have, I am having tienes You have, you are having tiene He / she / it has, he / she / it is having tenemos We have, we are having 19 of 45 tenéis You have, you are having tienen They have, they are having © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 18 ir to go voy I go, I am going vas You go, you are going va He / she / it goes, he / she / it is going vamos We go, we are going vais You go, you are going van They go, they are going 20 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present tense 19 Some verbs are just irregular in the 1st person. poner to put pongo I put, I am putting pones You put, you are putting pone He / she / it puts, he / she / it is putting ponemos We put, we are putting ponéis You put, you are putting ponen They put, they are putting menu 21 of 45 Poner would be regular like comer except for the extra letter in the 1st part. © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Ser / Estar 1 Here are two more very important verbs. They both mean the same thing! estar – to be ser - to be 22 of 45 soy I am, I am being estoy eres You are, you are being estás es He / she / it is, is being está somos We are, we are being estamos sois You are, you are being estáis son They are, they are being están © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Ser / Estar 2 Both of these verbs mean ‘to be’, but which one do you use? SER is used for: 1. Things which are permanent 2. Names 3. Nationality 4. Time 5. Colour 6. Possession Examples: 1. La casa es de piedra. 2. Es Roberto. 3. Roberto es español. 4. Son las tres en punto. 5. El plátano es amarillo. 6. El libro es de Ana. 23 of 45 ESTAR is used for: 1. Position 2. Temporary things or states 3. Present continuous actions 4. Place Examples: 1. El libro está en la mesa. 2. La paella está fría. 3. Ahora está lloviendo. 4. Sevilla está en el sur. © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Ser / Estar 3 Decide which to use: ser or estar. menu 24 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Expressions using tener The verb TENER means ‘to have’, but very often, by putting another word with it, it is translated instead by ‘to be’. Examples: • When you say your age: Tengo quince años. – I am fifteen. • Tener calor to be hot Use these • Tener frío to be cold expressions to • Tener cuidado to be careful make up some • Tener hambre to be hungry sentences. • Tener sed to be thirsty • Tener miedo to be afraid • Tener razón to be right • Tener sueño to be sleepy • Tener suerte to be lucky • Tener éxito to be successful menu 25 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reflexive verbs 1 Reflexive verbs are generally used to express actions that we do to ourselves, e.g. I wash myself, or often have the word get e.g. I get washed. In Spanish you use a ‘reflexive pronoun’ in place of myself or get: In the dictionary, the letters se on the end of the infinitive tell you it is a reflexive verb. lavarse - to get washed 1. Write out the verb as if it were a normal regular verb. 2. Add the correct reflexive pronoun. 26 of 45 me te se nos os se © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reflexive verbs 2 27 of 45 lavarse to get washed me lavo I get washed te lavas you get washed se lava he / she gets washed nos lavamos we get washed os laváis you get washed se lavan they get washed © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reflexive verbs 3 Using what you have learnt about the verb lavarse to help you, try writing the following two verbs out in full in the same way (they are both regular -ar verbs). levantarse - to get up ducharse - to have a shower me levanto me ducho te levantas te duchas se levanta se ducha nos levantamos nos duchamos os levantáis os ducháis se levantan se duchan 28 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reflexive verbs 4 Here are some other reflexive verbs which may be of use when you want to talk about your daily routine in Spanish: despertarse - to wake up The three verbs with an orange letter are levantarse - to get up stem change verbs as lavarse - to get washed well as reflexive verbs. afeitarse - to have a shave ducharse - to have a shower Write a short vestirse - to get dressed description of quitarse la ropa - to get undressed your daily routine cepillarse los dientes - to brush your teeth using the verbs arreglarse - to get ready given here. acostarse - to go to bed menu 29 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Commands 1 • If you need to tell someone what to do in Spanish, then it is important that you use the correct part of the verb. • If you want to give instructions to a friend, someone your age, or to a member of your family, then it is best to use the tú form of the verb. • For all regular verbs, drop the -s from the end of the normal tú form. Even most irregular verbs follow this rule. Infinitive hablar - to talk comer - to eat abrir - to open cerrar - to close 30 of 45 Present tense tú form hablas - you talk comes - you eat abres - you open cierras - you close Imperative ¡Habla! - Talk! ¡Come! - Eat! ¡Abre! - Open! ¡Cierra! - Close! © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Commands 2 If you want to tell a group of people (family, friends,children) to do something, then simply take the infinitive form of the verb (the part that ends in -AR, -ER, or -IR), take off the r and add the letter d. There are no exceptions to this! hablar ¡Hablad! comer abrir ¡Comed! ¡Abrid! This is the probably the form you will hear your teacher use when he or she addresses the class as a whole: ¡Mirad! - Look! 31 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Commands 3 Telling someone not to do something is quite easy too! 1. Take the normal tú ending off the verb. 2. Change the verb endings in the following way: Use -ER endings for -AR verbs Use -AR endings for -ER and -IR verbs 3. Finally just put the no in front of the command word hables!! ¡No hablas menu 32 of 45 ¡No comas! comes ¡No abras! abres © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Negatives and negative phrases 1 To use negatives in Spanish means you want to say that you do not do something. Compare the English: I run I do not run. 1. To change a sentence into the negative in Spanish usually you just put no in front of the verb. 2. If the verb is made up of two parts always put the no before the first part. Examples: 1. Hablo español. 2. He comido gambas. 33 of 45 No hablo español. No he comido gambas. © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Negatives and negative phrases 2 Change these sentences into the negative: Respuestas 1. Veo No veo la televisión la televisión todos todos los días. los días. 2. Ayer Ayer vi nodos vi dos programas. programas. 3. El Elviernes viernespasado pasadovinomiviprograma mi programa preferido. preferido. 4. He Novisto he visto la última la última película película de George de George Clooney. Clooney. 5. Como No como pescado pescado y patatas y patatas fritas. fritas. 6. Practico No practico el tenis el tenis en verano. en verano. 7. Leo No leo libros libros en mis en mis horas horas libres. libres. 8. Voy No voy al cine al cine los viernes. los viernes. 9. Salgo No salgo con con mis mis amigos. amigos. 34 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Negatives and negative phrases 3 Another way to change a sentence into the negative is to use another word with no. The following can be used for negatives: nada = nothing nunca = never ningún(a) = no/not any nadie = nobody ni…ni = neither…nor They can be used in the following two ways: 1. Place the no in front of the verb and the other word directly after the verb. 2. Put the special word in front of the verb and do not use no. Examples: 1. No vi nada. Nada vi. I saw nothing. 2. No viene nunca. Nunca viene. She / He never comes. 3. No vino nadie. Nadie vino Nobody came. 4. No sobrevivió ninguna persona. Nobody survived. Ninguna persona sobrevivió. 5. No vinieron ni Paco ni Ana. Neither Paco nor Ana came. Ni Paco ni Ana vinieron. Note that ni…ni works slightly differently! 35 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Negatives and negative phrases 4 1. No voy Rewrite thenunca sentences, al centro thisde time la ciudad. includingNunca the negative voy al centro de expression la ciudad. in brackets. You may leave out the no, if you wish! 2. No vinieron ni Raúl ni Roberto a la discoteca. Ni Raúl ni 1. Roberto Voy al centro vinieron de la a la ciudad. discoteca. (no) (nunca) 3. 2. No Raúl vi a y Roberto nadie envinieron la calle. aA la nadie discoteca. vi en la calle. (ni…ni) 4. 3. Roberto Vi a alguien no sale en la nunca calle.de casa. Roberto nunca (no) sale (nadie) de casa. 5. 4. No Roberto lo había sale leído de casa. nadie. Nadie lo había leído. (no) (nunca) 6. 5. Para Lo había la clase leído. de historia no necesito nada. Nada (no) (nadie) necesito 6. para Parala laclase clasede dehistoria. historia necesito algo. (no) (nada) 7. 7. No Hayhay unningún hombrehombre en la playa. en la playa. Ningún hombre (no) (ningún) hay en la 8. playa. Tiene naranjas y manzanas. (ni…ni) 8. 9. No Hetiene comprado ni naranjas un regalo. ni manzanas. Ni naranjas (no) ni (ningún) manzanas 10. tiene. He comprado algo. (no) (nada) 9. No he comprado ningún regalo. 10.No he comprado nada. Nada he comprado. menu 36 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Verbs which take the infinitive The infinitive is the part of the verb you will find in the dictionary. In Spanish, it usually ends with -AR, -ER or -IR. We usually translate the infinitive as to do something, for example to talk, to eat or to open. If you see an infinitive in a Spanish sentence, you will find that it usually follows another verb. Example: I want to go home. Quiero volver a casa. In this sentence there are two verbs: 1 = I want (quiero) 2 = to go / return (volver) The first verb is in the first person (yo). The second verb always stays in the infinitive. menu 37 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 1 In Spanish, the idea of “must” or “having to do something” can be constructed with a number of expressions. Here are some examples: 1. 2. 3. Deber + infinitive… (I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must… Tener que + infinitive … (I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must… Hay que + infinitive … One must / has to… 1. Debes tener más cuidado. 3. Hay que relajarse. 4. Tengo que comprar pan. 38 of 45 You must take more care. One must relax. I have to buy bread. © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 2 Now try putting these sentences into Spanish. Respuestas. 1. You must sit down. 2. One has to study hard. 1. Debes sentarte. 3. You must take these pills three times a day. 2. Hay que estudiar mucho. 4. It is necessary to leave early. 3. Debes tomarte estas pastillas tres veces al día. 5. You have to buy this book. 4. Hay que salir temprano. 6. You must see this film. 5. Debes comprar este libro. 7. One has to buy some milk. 6. Hay que ver esta película. 8. You have to drive more carefully. 7. Hay que comprar leche. 9. You must see a doctor. 8. Tienes que conducir con más cuidado. 9. Debes consultar al médico. menu 39 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present participle 1 The present participle is a very useful part of the verb. It is usually translated in English by ‘-ing’, e.g. I am talking Normally, you can just use the present tense for this in Spanish: Hablo español = I speak Spanish, I am speaking Spanish. But sometimes you need to emphasize exactly what you are doing at a certain point in time, and it is then that the present participle is needed. When this happens in the present tense, we call this the: present continuous. Example: Listen, I am talking! ¡Escucha, estoy hablando! present tense verb 40 of 45 present participle © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present participle 2 How do we form the present participle? To form the present participle of an -AR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -AR and add -ANDO HABLAR ANDO HABL To form the present participle of an -ER or -IR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -ER or -IR, and add -IENDO. COMER COM IENDO 41 of 45 ABRIR ABR IENDO © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present participle 3 Irregular present participles There are only a few irregular present participles and they can be put into two groups. 1. Verbs which use a y instead of an i: verb stem participle caer to fall cay cayendo falling leer to read ley leyendo reading ir to go y yendo going oír to hear oy oyendo hearing 2. Spelling change verbs verb stem servir to serve sirv pedir to ask for pid dormir to sleep durm decir to say dic venir to come vin menu 42 of 45 participle sirviendo pidiendo durmiendo diciendo viniendo serving asking for sleeping saying coming © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present continuous 1 The verb can be divided into two parts as in English. Example: I am eating. I am from the verb to be (in Spanish you use ESTAR) eating the present participle of the verb to eat. In Spanish this now becomes a compound tense or, quite simply, a verb in two parts. It is quite straightforward to form and use, provided you form the two parts in the way that you are shown on the next slide. 43 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The present continuous 2 To form the present continuous tense in Spanish you need 2 parts. 1. The present tense of ‘estar’ 2. The present participle of the verb you are emphasizing I am speaking estoy hablando You are speaking estás hablando He / she / it is speaking está hablando We are speaking estamos hablando You are speaking estáis hablando They are speaking están hablando ‘Estar’ changes but the present participle does © Boardworks Ltd 2005 44 of 45 not. The present continuous 3 Now see if you can change the present tense to the present continuous in each of the following sentences! 1. Juan y Ana están bebenbebiendo café con leche café con en leche la cafetería. en la cafetería. 2. Nosotros estamos leemos revistas leyendoenrevistas la claseendelaciencias. clase de ciencias. 3. Los camareros están atienden atendiendo a muchosa clientes muchos hoy. clientes hoy. 4. Anita está poneponiendo la mesa para la mesa ayudar paraa ayudar su madre. a su madre. 5. El gato está duerme durmiendo en el jardín. en el jardín. 6. Los niños están jueganjugando al fútbolalen fútbol el parque. en el parque. 7. Mi madre está ve suviendo telenovela su telenovela preferida preferida en la tele.en la tele. 8. Yo estoy aprendo aprendiendo español enespañol el instituto. en el instituto. 9. Vosotras estáis cantáiscantando en el coro. en el coro. 10. El cliente está pide pidiendo la cuenta.la cuenta. menu 45 of 45 © Boardworks Ltd 2005