Download stem change verbs

Grammar 2
The present tense
Ser / Estar
Expressions using tener
Reflexive verbs
Commands
Negatives and negative phrases
Verbs which take the infinitive
Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis verbales
The present participle
The present continuous
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The present tense 1
The present tense is used to talk about what is happening now or,
in general terms, what happens every day.
Examples:
Juego al tenis
I play tennis
Estoy en 1º de Bachillerato
I am in Year 10
Tengo un hermano
I have got one brother
Me cepillo los dientes
I brush my teeth
The first example can be translated not just as ‘I play tennis’, but
also as ‘I am playing tennis’ and ‘I do play tennis.’ In English we
have different forms of the present tense just as we do in Spanish!
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The present tense 2
The present tense of regular verbs is formed in
the following way:
1. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ar
Take the -ar from the end of the infinitive.
Add the following endings:
-o
for
-as
for
-a
for
-amos
for
-áis
for
-an
for
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I
you
he, she and it
we
you
they
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The present tense 3
hablar – to speak
habl o
I speak, I am speaking
habl as
You speak, you are speaking
habl a
He / she speaks, he / she is speaking
habl amos
We speak, we are speaking
habl áis
You speak, you are speaking
habl an
They speak, they are speaking
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The present tense 4
The following verbs are all regular verbs like HABLAR.
This means that you can write them or say them in the same way
as you did with HABLAR. The only difference will appear in the
beginning (stem) of the verb.
Here are some more common -ar verbs. Choose two and
write them out in full, with the meaning in English.
aceptar
amar
arreglar
ayudar
bajar
bailar
buscar
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= to accept
= to love
= to fix
= to help
= to go down
= to dance
= to look for
cantar
charlar
dibujar
entrar
ganar
lavar
llenar
= to sing
= to chat
= to draw
= to go in
= to win
= to wash
= to fill
llorar = to cry
mirar = to look at
pagar = to pay
pescar = to fish
saltar = to jump
tocar = to touch
viajar = to travel
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The present tense 5
2. Verbs whose infinitive ends in
-er
Take the -er from the end of the infinitive.
Add the following endings:
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-o
for
I
-es
for
you
-e
for
he, she and it
-emos
for
we
-éis
for
you
-en
for
they
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The present tense 6
comer - to eat
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com o
I eat, I am eating
com es
You eat, you are eating
com e
He / she eats, he / she is eating
com emos
We eat, we are eating
com éis
You eat, you are eating
com en
They eat, they are eating
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The present tense 7
3. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ir
Take the -ir from the end of the infinitive.
Add the following endings:
-o
-es
-e
-imos
-ís
-en
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for
for
for
for
for
for
I
you
he ,she, and it
we
you
they
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The present tense 8
abrir - to open
abr o
I open, I am opening
abr es
You open, you are opening
abr e
He / she opens, he / she is opening
abr imos
We open, we are opening
abr ís
You open, you are opening
abr en
They open, they are opening
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The present tense 9
The following verbs are all regular verbs like COMER or ABRIR..
This means that you can write them or say them in the same way
as you did with COMER or ABRIR. The only difference will
appear in the beginning (stem) of the verb.
Choose one -er verb and one -ir verb and write each out in
full with the meaning in English!
Like COMER
beber = to drink
correr = to run
coser = to sew
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leer = to read
meter = to put
vender= to sell
Like ABRIR
cubrir = to cover
escribir= to write
permitir= to allow
recibir = to receive
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The present tense 10
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The present tense 11
Stem change verbs
Some verbs follow a slightly different pattern. We will call these
stem change verbs.
They have regular endings like -AR, -ER and -IR verbs, but
certain letters change as you go through the verb forming a
consistent pattern.
There are three types of stem changes which occur:
-o > -ue
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-e > -ie
-e > -i
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The present tense 12 Stem change verbs
-o > -ue
encontrar = to find
1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar
2. Write out verb as if it were regular.
3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before
the infinitive ending.
1. encuentro
encontrar: o changes to ue
2. encuentras
3. encuentra
4. encontramos
4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6.
5. encontráis
6. encuentran
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The present tense 13 Stem change verbs
-o > -ue
poder = to be able
1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -er
2. Write out verb as if it were regular.
3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before
the infinitive ending.
1. puedo
2. puedes
poder: o changes to ue
3. puede
4. podemos
4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6.
5. podéis
6. pueden
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The present tense 15 Stem change verbs
-o > - ue dormir = to sleep
1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir
2. Write out verb as if it were regular.
3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before
the infinitive ending.
dormir: o changes to ue
4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6.
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1. duermo
2. duermes
3. duerme
4. dormimos
5. dormís
6. duermen
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The present tense 15 Stem change verbs
-e > -ie
pensar = to think
1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar
2. Write out verb as if it were regular.
3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before
the infinitive ending.
pensar: -e changes to ie
4. Change the –e to –ie on parts 1 2 3 6.
Querer and preferir are two more -e
> -ie verbs. Can you write each out
in full, using the four steps?
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1. pienso
2. piensas
3. piensa
4. pensamos
5. pensáis
6. piensan
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The present tense 16 Stem change verbs
-e > -i
pedir = to ask for
1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir
2. Write out verb as if it were regular.
3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before
the infinitive ending.
pedir: -e changes to i
4. Change the -e to -i on parts 1 2 3 6.
Note! This change only occurs with
–IR verbs
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1. pido
2. pides
3. pide
4. pedimos
5. pedís
6. piden
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The present tense 17
Unfortunately not all verbs follow these patterns. Some
common verbs are irregular and must be learnt by heart!
tener
to have
tengo
I have, I am having
tienes
You have, you are having
tiene
He / she / it has, he / she / it is having
tenemos We have, we are having
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tenéis
You have, you are having
tienen
They have, they are having
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The present tense 18
ir
to go
voy
I go, I am going
vas
You go, you are going
va
He / she / it goes, he / she / it is going
vamos
We go, we are going
vais
You go, you are going
van
They go, they are going
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The present tense 19
Some verbs are just irregular in the 1st person.
poner
to put
pongo
I put, I am putting
pones
You put, you are putting
pone
He / she / it puts, he / she / it is putting
ponemos
We put, we are putting
ponéis
You put, you are putting
ponen
They put, they are putting
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Poner would be regular
like comer except for the
extra letter in the 1st part.
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Ser / Estar 1
Here are two more very important verbs.
They both mean the same thing!
estar – to be
ser - to be
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soy
I am, I am being
estoy
eres
You are, you are being
estás
es
He / she / it is, is being
está
somos
We are, we are being
estamos
sois
You are, you are being
estáis
son
They are, they are being
están
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Ser / Estar 2
Both of these verbs mean ‘to be’,
but which one do you use?
SER is used for:
1. Things which are permanent
2. Names
3. Nationality
4. Time
5. Colour
6. Possession
Examples:
1. La casa es de piedra.
2. Es Roberto.
3. Roberto es español.
4. Son las tres en punto.
5. El plátano es amarillo.
6. El libro es de Ana.
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ESTAR is used for:
1. Position
2. Temporary things or states
3. Present continuous actions
4. Place
Examples:
1. El libro está en la mesa.
2. La paella está fría.
3. Ahora está lloviendo.
4. Sevilla está en el sur.
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Ser / Estar 3 Decide which to use: ser or estar.
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Expressions using tener
The verb TENER means ‘to have’, but very often, by putting
another word with it, it is translated instead by ‘to be’.
Examples:
• When you say your age: Tengo quince años. – I am fifteen.
• Tener calor
to be hot
Use these
• Tener frío
to be cold
expressions to
• Tener cuidado
to be careful
make up some
• Tener hambre
to be hungry
sentences.
• Tener sed
to be thirsty
• Tener miedo
to be afraid
• Tener razón
to be right
• Tener sueño
to be sleepy
• Tener suerte
to be lucky
• Tener éxito
to be successful
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Reflexive verbs 1
Reflexive verbs are generally used to express actions that we do
to ourselves, e.g. I wash myself, or often have the word get
e.g. I get washed. In Spanish you use a ‘reflexive pronoun’ in
place of myself or get:
In the dictionary, the
letters se on the end
of the infinitive tell
you it is a reflexive
verb.
lavarse - to get
washed
1. Write out the verb as if it were a
normal regular verb.
2. Add the correct reflexive pronoun.
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me
te
se
nos
os
se
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Reflexive verbs 2
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lavarse
to get washed
me
lavo
I get washed
te
lavas
you get washed
se
lava
he / she gets washed
nos
lavamos
we get washed
os
laváis
you get washed
se
lavan
they get washed
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Reflexive verbs 3
Using what you have learnt about the verb lavarse to help
you, try writing the following two verbs out in full in the
same way (they are both regular -ar verbs).
levantarse - to get up
ducharse - to have a shower
me levanto
me
ducho
te
levantas
te
duchas
se
levanta
se
ducha
nos levantamos
nos duchamos
os
levantáis
os
ducháis
se
levantan
se
duchan
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Reflexive verbs 4
Here are some other reflexive verbs which may be of use
when you want to talk about your daily routine in Spanish:
despertarse
- to wake up
The three verbs with
an orange letter are
levantarse
- to get up
stem change verbs as
lavarse
- to get washed
well as reflexive verbs.
afeitarse
- to have a shave
ducharse
- to have a shower
Write a short
vestirse
- to get dressed
description of
quitarse la ropa
- to get undressed
your daily routine
cepillarse los dientes - to brush your teeth
using the verbs
arreglarse
- to get ready
given here.
acostarse
- to go to bed
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Commands 1
• If you need to tell someone what to do in Spanish, then it is
important that you use the correct part of the verb.
• If you want to give instructions to a friend, someone your
age, or to a member of your family, then it is best to use the tú
form of the verb.
• For all regular verbs, drop the -s from the end of the normal
tú form. Even most irregular verbs follow this rule.
Infinitive
hablar - to talk
comer - to eat
abrir - to open
cerrar - to close
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Present tense tú form
hablas - you talk
comes - you eat
abres - you open
cierras - you close
Imperative
¡Habla! - Talk!
¡Come! - Eat!
¡Abre! - Open!
¡Cierra! - Close!
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Commands 2
If you want to tell a group of people (family, friends,children)
to do something, then simply take the infinitive form of the
verb (the part that ends in -AR, -ER, or -IR), take off the r
and add the letter d. There are no exceptions to this!
hablar
¡Hablad!
comer
abrir
¡Comed!
¡Abrid!
This is the probably the form you will hear your
teacher use when he or she addresses the class as a
whole:
¡Mirad! - Look!
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Commands 3
Telling someone not to do something is quite easy too!
1. Take the normal tú ending off the verb.
2. Change the verb endings in the following way:
Use -ER endings for -AR verbs
Use -AR endings for -ER and -IR verbs
3. Finally just put the no in front of the
command word
hables!!
¡No hablas
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¡No comas!
comes
¡No abras!
abres
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Negatives and negative phrases 1
To use negatives in Spanish means you want to
say that you do not do something.
Compare the English:
I run
I do not run.
1. To change a sentence into the negative in
Spanish usually you just put no in front of the verb.
2. If the verb is made up of two parts always put the
no before the first part.
Examples:
1. Hablo español.
2. He comido gambas.
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No hablo español.
No he comido gambas.
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Negatives and negative phrases 2
Change these sentences into the negative:
Respuestas
1. Veo
No veo
la televisión
la televisión
todos
todos
los días.
los días.
2. Ayer
Ayer vi
nodos
vi dos
programas.
programas.
3. El
Elviernes
viernespasado
pasadovinomiviprograma
mi programa
preferido.
preferido.
4. He
Novisto
he visto
la última
la última
película
película
de George
de George
Clooney.
Clooney.
5. Como
No como
pescado
pescado
y patatas
y patatas
fritas.
fritas.
6. Practico
No practico
el tenis
el tenis
en verano.
en verano.
7. Leo
No leo
libros
libros
en mis
en mis
horas
horas
libres.
libres.
8. Voy
No voy
al cine
al cine
los viernes.
los viernes.
9. Salgo
No salgo
con con
mis mis
amigos.
amigos.
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Negatives and negative phrases 3
Another way to change a sentence into the negative is to
use another word with no. The following can be used for negatives:
nada = nothing
nunca = never
ningún(a) = no/not any
nadie = nobody ni…ni = neither…nor
They can be used in the following two ways:
1. Place the no in front of the verb and the other word directly after
the verb.
2. Put the special word in front of the verb and do not use no.
Examples:
1. No vi nada.
Nada vi.
I saw nothing.
2. No viene nunca. Nunca viene. She / He never comes.
3. No vino nadie.
Nadie vino
Nobody came.
4. No sobrevivió ninguna persona. Nobody survived.
Ninguna persona sobrevivió.
5. No vinieron ni Paco ni Ana.
Neither Paco nor Ana came.
Ni Paco ni Ana vinieron.
Note that ni…ni works slightly differently!
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Negatives and negative phrases 4
1. No voy
Rewrite
thenunca
sentences,
al centro
thisde
time
la ciudad.
includingNunca
the negative
voy al centro de
expression
la ciudad.
in brackets. You may leave out the no, if you wish!
2. No vinieron ni Raúl ni Roberto a la discoteca. Ni Raúl ni
1. Roberto
Voy al centro
vinieron
de la
a la
ciudad.
discoteca.
(no) (nunca)
3.
2. No
Raúl
vi a
y Roberto
nadie envinieron
la calle. aA la
nadie
discoteca.
vi en la calle.
(ni…ni)
4.
3. Roberto
Vi a alguien
no sale
en la
nunca
calle.de casa. Roberto nunca
(no) sale
(nadie)
de casa.
5.
4. No
Roberto
lo había
sale
leído
de casa.
nadie. Nadie lo había leído.
(no) (nunca)
6.
5. Para
Lo había
la clase
leído.
de historia no necesito nada. Nada
(no) (nadie)
necesito
6. para
Parala
laclase
clasede
dehistoria.
historia necesito algo.
(no) (nada)
7.
7. No
Hayhay
unningún
hombrehombre
en la playa.
en la playa. Ningún hombre
(no) (ningún)
hay en la
8. playa.
Tiene naranjas y manzanas.
(ni…ni)
8.
9. No
Hetiene
comprado
ni naranjas
un regalo.
ni manzanas. Ni naranjas
(no)
ni (ningún)
manzanas
10. tiene.
He comprado algo.
(no) (nada)
9. No he comprado ningún regalo.
10.No he comprado nada. Nada he comprado.
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Verbs which take the infinitive
The infinitive is the part of the verb you will find in the dictionary. In
Spanish, it usually ends with -AR, -ER or -IR.
We usually translate the infinitive as to do something, for example
to talk, to eat or to open.
If you see an infinitive in a Spanish sentence, you will find that it
usually follows another verb.
Example:
I want to go home.
Quiero volver a casa.
In this sentence there are two verbs:
1 = I want (quiero) 2 = to go / return (volver)
The first verb is in the first person (yo).
The second verb always stays in the infinitive.
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Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 1
In Spanish, the idea of “must” or “having to do something” can be
constructed with a number of expressions. Here are some examples:
1.
2.
3.
Deber + infinitive…
(I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must…
Tener que + infinitive … (I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must…
Hay que + infinitive … One must / has to…
1. Debes tener más cuidado.
3. Hay que relajarse.
4. Tengo que comprar pan.
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You must take more care.
One must relax.
I have to buy bread.
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Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 2
Now try putting these sentences into Spanish.
Respuestas.
1. You must sit down.
2. One has to study hard.
1. Debes sentarte.
3. You must take these pills three times a day.
2. Hay que estudiar mucho.
4. It is necessary to leave early.
3. Debes tomarte estas pastillas tres veces al día.
5. You have to buy this book.
4. Hay que salir temprano.
6. You must see this film.
5. Debes comprar este libro.
7. One has to buy some milk.
6. Hay que ver esta película.
8. You have to drive more carefully.
7. Hay que comprar leche.
9. You must see a doctor.
8. Tienes que conducir con más cuidado.
9. Debes consultar al médico.
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The present participle 1
The present participle is a very useful part of the verb. It is
usually translated in English by ‘-ing’, e.g. I am talking
Normally, you can just use the present tense for this in Spanish:
Hablo español = I speak Spanish, I am speaking Spanish.
But sometimes you need to emphasize exactly what you are doing
at a certain point in time, and it is then that the present participle is
needed.
When this happens in the present tense, we call this the:
present continuous.
Example:
Listen, I am talking!
¡Escucha, estoy hablando!
present tense
verb
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present
participle
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The present participle 2
How do we form the present participle?
To form the present participle of an -AR verb, take
the infinitive, remove the -AR and add -ANDO
HABLAR
ANDO
HABL
To form the present participle of an -ER or -IR
verb, take the infinitive, remove the -ER or -IR, and
add -IENDO.
COMER
COM IENDO
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ABRIR
ABR IENDO
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The present participle 3 Irregular present participles
There are only a few irregular present participles and
they can be put into two groups.
1. Verbs which use a y instead of an i:
verb
stem
participle
caer to fall
cay
cayendo
falling
leer to read
ley
leyendo
reading
ir
to go
y
yendo
going
oír
to hear
oy
oyendo
hearing
2. Spelling change verbs
verb
stem
servir to serve
sirv
pedir to ask for
pid
dormir to sleep
durm
decir to say
dic
venir to come
vin
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participle
sirviendo
pidiendo
durmiendo
diciendo
viniendo
serving
asking for
sleeping
saying
coming
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The present continuous 1
The verb can be divided into two parts as in English.
Example: I am eating.
I am
from the verb to be (in Spanish you use ESTAR)
eating
the present participle of the verb to eat.
In Spanish this now becomes a compound tense
or, quite simply, a verb in two parts. It is quite
straightforward to form and use, provided you form
the two parts in the way that you are shown on the
next slide.
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The present continuous 2
To form the present continuous tense in Spanish you need 2 parts.
1. The present tense of ‘estar’
2. The present participle of the verb you are emphasizing
I am
speaking
estoy
hablando
You are
speaking
estás
hablando
He / she / it is
speaking
está
hablando
We are
speaking
estamos hablando
You are
speaking
estáis
hablando
They are
speaking
están
hablando
‘Estar’ changes but the present participle does
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The present continuous 3
Now see if you can change the present tense to the
present continuous in each of the following sentences!
1. Juan y Ana están
bebenbebiendo
café con leche
café con
en leche
la cafetería.
en la cafetería.
2. Nosotros estamos
leemos revistas
leyendoenrevistas
la claseendelaciencias.
clase de ciencias.
3. Los camareros están
atienden
atendiendo
a muchosa clientes
muchos hoy.
clientes hoy.
4. Anita está
poneponiendo
la mesa para
la mesa
ayudar
paraa ayudar
su madre.
a su madre.
5. El gato está
duerme
durmiendo
en el jardín.
en el jardín.
6. Los niños están
jueganjugando
al fútbolalen
fútbol
el parque.
en el parque.
7. Mi madre está
ve suviendo
telenovela
su telenovela
preferida preferida
en la tele.en la tele.
8. Yo estoy
aprendo
aprendiendo
español enespañol
el instituto.
en el instituto.
9. Vosotras estáis
cantáiscantando
en el coro.
en el coro.
10. El cliente está
pide pidiendo
la cuenta.la cuenta.
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