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Phrases and Clauses
Preposition Review

A preposition relates the noun or pronoun
following it to another word in the sentence.
Fifty Common Prepositions
about
across
against
along
around
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
by
during
except
from
inside
like
of
off
onto
opposite
outside
past
through
to
under
underneath
until
upon
within
without
Compound Prepositions
according to
aside from
because of
by means of
addition to
of
in front
place of
instead of
to
on
on top of
of
Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase has at least two parts: a
preposition and a noun or pronoun that is the
object of the preposition
prep
object
EXAMPLE: near airports

The object of the preposition may be modified by one or more
adjectives.
prep
adj
adj
object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban airports

The object may also be compound.
prep
adj
adj
object
conj
object
EXAMPLE: near busy urban highways and airports
Prepositional Phrases
That Act as Adjectives

An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase
that modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling
what kind or which one.
The roadway with two lanes began there.
What kind of highway began there?
The rancher with the angry face stopped us.
Which rancher stopped us?
Adjective Phrase Practice

Grammar w/b p. 69 ex. 1
Prepositional Phrases
That Act as Adverbs

An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
Adverb phrases point out where, when, in what
way (how), or to what extent.
modifying a verb : Raindrops fell in heavy torrents.
(Fell in what way?)
modifying an adjective: The day was warm for December.
(Warm in what way?)
modifying an adverb: The tornado struck suddenly, within
minutes of the warning.
(Suddenly to what extent?)
Adverb Phrase Practice

Grammar w/b p. 71 ex. 1
Appositives

An appositive is a noun or a pronoun placed
after another noun or pronoun to identify,
rename, or explain the preceding word.
EXAMPLES
The painter Pablo Picasso lived in Spain.
I want to visit Spain’s famous museum, The Prado.
His painting Guernica impressed my father.
Appositive Phrases

An appositive phrase is an appositive that has
modifiers.
EXAMPLES
Willa Cather, an American novelist, wrote My Antonia.
Lisbon, a thriving port in Portugal, has often been the scene of
espionage.
The shopping center – a network of cars, shops, and people –
provides many jobs.
Appositive Phrase Practice

Grammar w/b p. 73 ex. 2
Participles

Participles are verb forms with two basic uses:
1) used with helping verbs, they are verbs
2) used to modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives
all present participles end in –ing
She is walking to school. walking = verb
They took a walking tour of the city. walking = adjective
some past participles end in –ed
He has cooked dinner three times this week. cooked = verb
The cooked food won’t spoil. cooked = adjective
other past participles end in –n, -t, -en, or another irregular ending
He has grown six inches!
He was by then, of course, a grown man.
Participial Phrases

A participial phrase is a present or past
participle and its modifiers.
EXAMPLES
The instructor, speaking slowly, explained the use of skis.
The skier, choosing her slope, looked at its features carefully.
The esteemed poet, honored by the award, expressed his
thanks.
**Notice the commas
Participial Phrase Practice

Grammar w/b p. 75 ex. 1
 Grammar w/b p. 77 ex. 1
Clauses

A clause is a group of words with a subject and
a verb.

There are two basic kinds:
1) independent
2) dependent (a.k.a. subordinate)
Independent Clauses

An independent clause is a group of words with
a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a
complete sentence.
EXAMPLES
S
V
The air vibrated.
S
V
In the morning, he began to play the cello.
Subordinate Clauses

A subordinate, or dependent, clause is a group
of words with a subject and a verb that cannot
stand alone as a complete sentence.
EXAMPLES
S
V
after she performed her solo
S
V
while the band practiced in the garage
Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a noun or a pronoun.
EXAMPLES
The student whom I asked for help turned pages of music for
me.
By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum, you will
make sound.
The harp, which was played in ancient Egypt, was forbidden for
women to play.
The piano, whose strings are hit by hammers to produce
sound, can be made louder or softer by foot pedals.
Adjective Clause Practice

Grammar w/b p. 79 ex. 1
Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
 A subordinating conjunction (next slide) always
introduces the adverb clause.
EXAMPLES
Since you expect to be late, I will prepare dinner.
I will prepare dinner since you expect to be late.
Whenever you are late, I expect you to call.
I expect you to call whenever you are late.
Common Subordinating
Conjunctions
after
as
as long as
before
even though
in order that
so that
though
unless
when
where
while
Adverb Clauses Practice

Grammar w/b p. 81 ex. 1