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5
“I never made a mistake in
grammar but one in my life and as
soon as I done it I seen it.”
― Carl Sandburg,
American poet and author
Improving
Grammar Skills
After completing the chapter, you will be able to:
•
•
•
•
•
Identify the parts of a sentence.
Use nouns and pronouns correctly.
Use verbs correctly.
Use adjectives and adverbs correctly.
Identify conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.
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Sentence Parts
• A sentence is a group of words that expresses a
complete thought.
• A sentence has two main parts.
– subject is the person speaking or the person, place, or
thing the sentence describes
– predicate describes an action or state of being for the
subject
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Sentence Parts
• Eight different parts of speech:
–
–
–
–
–
noun: a word naming a person, place, or thing
pronoun: a word taking the place of a noun
verb: a word showing action or state of being
adjective: a word describing a noun or pronoun
adverb: word describing a verb, adjective, another
adverb
– conjunction: a word connecting words, phrases, or
sentences
– preposition: a word relating nouns or pronouns to
other words in a sentence
– interjection: a word expressing strong emotion
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Sentence Parts
• Eight parts of speech
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Sentence Parts
• Eight parts of speech
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Sentence Parts
• Subjects and predicates
– Simple subject is just the nouns or pronouns about
which the sentence gives information
The school has nine classrooms.
– Simple subject and other words that describe it make
the complete subject
The payment for admission includes snacks.
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Sentence Parts
• Subjects and predicates
– Simple predicate includes only the verbs that show
action or state of being
My brother cleaned his room.
– Compound predicate contains two or more verbs
joined by and or some other conjunction
The shipping clerk wrapped the
package and mailed it.
– Complete predicate includes the verb and other
information that tells what the subject is or does
Ms. Chung is the principal.
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Sentence Parts
• Objects and complements
– Direct object is someone or something that receives
the action of the verb
The little boy threw the ball.
– Indirect object names something or someone for
whom the action of the verb is performed
The boy gave the dog a biscuit.
– Subject complement is an adjective that describes the
subject or a noun that renames or tells what the
subject is
Your new dress is beautiful.
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Sentence Parts
• A phrase is a group of words that act together to
convey meaning in a sentence.
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Sentence Parts
• Clause is a group of words within a sentence that
has a subject and a predicate
• Independent clause gives a complete thought and
can stand alone as a separate sentence
I read a novel, and she watched a movie.
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Sentence Parts
• Dependent clause requires rest of the sentence to
provide a complete thought
When we land, everyone will leave the plane.
• Subordinating clause is joined to the rest of the
sentence with a subordinating conjunction
I cannot attend the meeting,
though I am interested in the topic.
• Sentence fragment is a dependent clause used alone
and is a writing error
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Sentence Parts
• Nonrestrictive clause provides information that is
not essential to the meaning of the sentence
The vase that you dropped was very valuable.
• Restrictive clause is a type of dependent clause that
is essential to the meaning of the sentence
The bicycle, which is dirty and rusty, is an antique.
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Sentence Parts
• Sentence structure
– Simple sentence has one independent clause and no
dependent clauses.
Paula and Jan ate lunch in the cafeteria.
– Compound sentence has two independent clauses
joined by a conjunction, such as and or but
A heavy rain fell and the game was delayed.
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Sentence Parts
• Sentence structure
– Complex sentences have an independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses
When you write a business letter,
you should use clear and concise language.
– Compound-complex sentence has two independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses
Whenever she dines at a restaurant,
she orders a salad and this helps her stay healthy.
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1. What is a sentence?
Answer:
thought
a group of words that expresses a complete
2. What are the two main parts of a sentence?
Answer:
subject and a predicate
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(continued)
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3. What are the five types of clauses?
Answer: Independent, dependent, subordinating,
restrictive, nonrestrictive
4. List the four types of sentences.
Answer:
complex
simple, compound, complex, compound-
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Nouns and Pronouns
• A noun is a word that names a person, place, or
thing. Maria, Chesterfield Park, and potatoes are
examples of nouns.
• A proper noun names a particular person, place, or
thing. Mr. Thomas, Atlanta, and Empire State Building
are examples of proper nouns.
• A common noun describes a person, place, or thing
in general terms. Teacher, city, and building are
examples of common nouns.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• A singular noun names one person, place, or thing.
Girl, carrot, and bus are examples of singular nouns.
• A plural noun indicates more than one person,
place, or thing. Girls, carrots, and buses are examples
of plural nouns
• Irregular nouns are those that do not follow the
guidelines for making plurals. Rather than adding s
or es to the singular form, the plural form often has a
different spelling from the singular form.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• How to make singular nouns plural
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Nouns and Pronouns
• How to make singular nouns plural
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Collective noun refers to a group or unit that
contains more than one person, place, or thing.
Army, class, committee, and team are examples of
collective nouns.
• Possessive nouns indicate ownership. For most
singular nouns, the possessive form is created by
adding an apostrophe and an s to the noun.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a
sentence.
• The word a pronoun replaces is called its
antecedent.
I am sure that you will win.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Personal pronouns refer to specific persons or
things.
• A pronoun in first person refers to someone who is
speaking or writing.
• A pronoun in second person refers to someone who
is being addressed.
• A pronoun in third person refers to someone being
discussed.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Nominative case pronouns are used as the subject
in a sentence or as subject complements.
• Objective case pronouns are used as direct objects,
indirect objects, or objects of prepositions.
• Possessive case pronouns show ownership.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Pronouns indicate number and gender.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns, ask a question, include
what, which, who, whom, and whose.
• Relative pronouns begin dependent clauses in
complex sentences, include who, whom, whose, which,
what, and that.
• Demonstrative pronouns identify or direct
attention to a noun or pronoun, include this, that,
these, and those.
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Nouns and Pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns refer to an object or person that
has been identified earlier or does not need specific
identification. Examples include some, none, one,
every, neither, other, both, each, any, such, another
• Some pronouns can also be used as adjectives or in
adjective clauses. Examples include some, none, all,
and who.
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1. What is a noun?
Answer:
a word that names a person, place, or thing
2. What is a pronoun?
Answer:
a word that replaces a noun in a sentence
3. What is an antecedent?
Answer:
the word a pronoun replaces
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Verbs
• A verb is a word that shows action. Action verbs
include read, sing, run, count, laugh, go, and eat.
• A verb is a word that shows state of being. State of
being verbs are be, is, are, was, were, and am.
– Verbs that show a state of being are also called
linking verbs when they relate a subject to a subject
complement. The verb is links the subject (Ralph) to
the subject complement (a tall boy).
Ralph is a tall boy.
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Verbs
• Verbs that work with a main verb to show action are
called helping verbs. Examples are be, been, am, is,
are, was, were, has.
• A compound verb consists of two or more verbs in
the same sentence.
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Verbs
• Verbs can have one or more of five different
properties:
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–
–
–
–
voice
mood
tense
person
number
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Verbs
• An action verb can be:
– active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the
action.
Alfred rowed the boat.
– passive voice, the subject of the sentence is acted
upon.
The boat was rowed by Alfred.
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Verbs
• The mood of a verb relates to the way in which the
speaker or writer wants the sentence to be
understood.
– indicative mood expresses a straightforward
statement of fact or opinion or asks a question.
The snowstorm raged for two days.
– imperative mood states a command or a direct
request.
Leave the building.
– subjunctive mood expresses an idea, suggestion, or
hypothetical situation.
If I were you, I would read this book.
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Verbs
• Present tense of a verb indicates that the action or
state of being takes place now.
• Past tense indicates that the action or state of being
has already occurred. The past tense is usually
formed by adding ed to the present tense. Examples
include walk/walked, hunt/hunted, and look/looked. For
irregular verbs, the spelling of the past tense varies.
Examples include run/ran, drink/drank, and pay/paid.
• Future tense indicates that the action or state of being
will occur at a later time. The future tense is formed
by adding will before the present tense of the verb.
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Verbs
• Present perfect tense is formed by adding have or
has to the past tense.
The horse has run around the paddock.
• Past perfect tense is formed by adding had to the
past tense.
The horse had run around the paddock.
• Future perfect tense is formed by adding will have to
the past tense.
The horse will have run around the paddock.
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Verbs
• Verbs can be in one of three persons.
– First person refers to an action of someone who is
speaking or writing.
– Second person refers to an action of someone who is
being addressed (you).
– Third person refers to an action of someone being
discussed.
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Verbs
• A verb should agree in number with related nouns
or pronouns.
• Verbs that relate to I should always be singular.
• Verbs that relate to you should always be plural,
even when one person is being addressed.
• Verbs that relate to nouns or pronouns used in the
third person (someone spoken about) should agree
in number with the nouns or pronouns.
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Verbs
• A present participle is a verb form that indicates
action is in progress or ongoing. It can also be used
as an adjective. To create a present participle, add
ing to the present tense. Examples include eating,
drawing, and working.
• A past participle indicates that action has been
completed.
• A dangling participle is a writing error in which a
participle phase modifies nothing or the wrong
person or object.
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Verbs
• A gerund is a verb form used as a noun. Gerunds
are formed by adding ing to the present tense of a
verb. Examples of gerunds include eating, shopping,
talking, playing, and counting.
• An infinitive is the word to and a verb in its simple
present form. Examples include to eat, to read, to see,
to touch, and to find.
• A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed
between the word to and the verb. Examples of split
infinitives include to barely see, to slowly read, and to
quickly jump.
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1. What are the two basic types of verbs?
Answer: those that show action or those that show a
state of being
2. What are the five properties of verbs?
Answer:
voice, mood, tense, person, number.
3. What are the three verb forms?
Answer:
participles, gerunds, infinitives
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• An adjective is a word that describes a noun or
pronoun.
– may provide details about the noun or pronoun that
give you a better understanding of the person or
thing
– may define limits
Two students passed the exam.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• Two or more related adjectives that appear before a
noun or pronoun and equally modify it are called
coordinate adjectives.
– Coordinate adjectives should be separated by the
word and or by commas.
– When the order of the adjectives before a noun can be
arranged without changing the meaning of the
sentence, the adjectives are typically coordinate
adjectives.
The old, rusty shovel had a broken handle.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• Positive adjectives describe, but do not compare,
people or things.
The small book was on top of the stack.
• Comparative adjectives compare two people or
things.
The red book was smaller than the blue book.
• Superlative adjectives compare three or more
people or things.
The red book was the smallest of the books.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adjectives can be positive, comparative, or
superlative.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• An article is an adjective that limits the noun or
pronoun it modifies.
• Articles come before a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase and can be definite or indefinite.
– definite article the refers to a specific person or thing
– indefinite articles a and an typically refer to a person
or thing in a general way
• Use a before words that begin with a consonant sound
and an before words that begin with a vowel sound.
• Articles need not be repeated before each noun in a
series of nouns.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• A demonstrative adjective is used before a noun to
indicate number and location.
• This, that, these, and those are examples
– this and that are used with singular words
– these and those are used with plural words
– this and these indicate a location that is near the
speaker
– that and those indicate a location that is not near the
speaker
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective,
clause, or another adverb.
• Adverbs tell how, when, or where something is
done.
• Adverbs can limit or qualify a description.
The girl ran very fast.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• Positive adverbs describe, but do not compare,
actions or qualities.
• Comparative adverbs compare two actions,
conditions, or qualities. Add er or more to create the
comparative form of most adverbs.
• Superlative adverbs compare three or more actions,
conditions, or qualities. Add est or most to create the
superlative form of most adverbs.
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Adjectives and Adverbs
• Conjunctive adverbs, such as however, therefore, and
also, connect or introduce clauses or phrases in a
sentence.
• Conjunctive adverbs help clarify the ideas in the
sentence.
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1. What is an adjective?
Answer:
a word that describes a noun or pronoun
2. How is an adverb different from an adjective?
Answer: An adverb is a word that describes a verb,
adjective, clause, or another adverb. An adjective is a
word that describes a noun or pronoun.
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Conjunctions, Prepositions,
and Interjections
• A conjunction is a word that connects other words,
phrases, or sentences.
– Coordinating conjunctions join two or more sentence
elements that are of equal importance. Examples
include and, or, nor, but.
– Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent
clauses to independent clauses. Examples include
although, because, since, and unless.
– Correlative conjunctions are two or more words that
work together to connect elements in a sentence.
Examples include both/and, either/or, not only/but also,
rather/than, and neither/nor.
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Conjunctions, Prepositions,
and Interjections
• A preposition is a word that connects or relates its
object to the rest of the sentence.
– examples include to, at, by, under, of, beside, over, and
during
– prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its
object, and any related adjectives and adverbs
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Conjunctions, Prepositions,
and Interjections
• An interjection is a word that expresses strong
emotion, such as surprise, fear, anger, excitement, or
shock.
– examples include wow, oh, hey, ouch, well, hurray
– an interjection can express a command
– interjections can appear at the beginning of a sentence
that expresses strong emotion
– interjections can appear alone with an exclamation
mark
– interjections should be used sparingly
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1. What is a conjunction?
Answer: a word that connects other words, phrases, or
sentences
2. How is a preposition different from a
conjunction?
Answer: A preposition is a word that connects or
relates its object to the rest of the sentence. A conjunction
is a word that connects other words, phrases, or
sentences.
(continued)
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3. What is an interjection?
Answer: a word that expresses strong emotion, such as
surprise, fear, anger, excitement, or shock
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• Nouns and pronouns are used as the simple
subjects in sentences.
• A sentence is a group of words that express a
complete thought.
• A verb is a word that shows action or state of
being.
• Adjectives and adverbs are used to make
sentences more descriptive.
• Conjunctions and prepositions connect words,
phrases, or clauses to other elements in the
sentence.
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