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Parts of Speech Nouns A noun names a person, place, thing, or an idea. Persons – architect, travelers, family Places – restaurant, islands, beach Things – computer, sailboat, insects Ideas – education, beliefs, ambition Common vs. Proper Common noun – names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas. (general) Proper noun – names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. (specific) Examples of Common vs. Proper woman nation event holiday painter athlete Sylvia Bryan, Queen Anne South Korea, England, U.S. World Series, Mardi Gras Memorial Day, Fourth of July Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollack Vijay Singh, Michelle Kwan Concrete vs. Abstract Concrete noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) Abstract noun – names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. Examples of Concrete vs. Abstract Concrete fire garlic cotton horses Liberty Bell Abstract charm self-confidence strength ability Zen Collective Nouns The singular form of a collective noun names a group. Examples of Collective Nouns army jury litter group herd audience batch set pack swarm bunch flock crew staff pride fleet cluster class family pod Compound Noun A compound noun consists of two or more words that together name a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples of Compound Nouns ONE WORD Sidewalk, Tablecloth, Greenland SEPARATE WORDS Attorney general, Empire State Building, telephone pole HYPHENATED WORDS Great-grandmother, daughter-in-law, jacko’-lantern Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person). Personal Pronouns First Person I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours Third Person he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of a sentence and function as a complement or as an object of the preposition. Intensive pronouns add emphasis to their antecedents. (serves no grammatical function in the sentence) Examples of Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive Martha wrote a note to herself. Herself reflects back to Martha and acts as an object of the preposition. Intensive Todd himself organized the school program. Himself simply adds emphasis to Todd, and himself can be removed and the sentence still makes sense. Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns First Person myself, ourselves Second Person yourself, yourselves Third Person himself, herself, itself, themselves Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Examples of Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald. The apples I picked today tastes better than these. Note about Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns are most often used in verbal communication. Although they point out something specific, use of demonstrative pronouns in formal writing often lack a clear antecedent. In formal writing it is often best to use these pronouns as demonstrative adjectives rather than demonstrative pronouns. Examples Pronoun Her best painting is this. Adjective Her best painting is this one. Pronoun Adjective This is great! This class is great! Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns introduce a question. There are five interrogative pronouns. what which who whom whose Examples of Interrogative Pronouns What is the answer to the last algebra problem? Whose is this? Note: These questions can be turned into statements to more clearly see how they function as pronouns. This is whose. The answer to the algebra problem is what. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause. There are five relative pronouns who whom whose which that Examples of relative pronouns My brother works at the animal shelter that is located on Sycamore Street. The girl whom they nominated for the class president is Gloria. Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers a noun that may or may not be specifically named. (clear as mud, right!) Examples most some many few one anyone something nothing much Both someone any all none Indefinite Pronouns They spent most of the weekend sleeping. Did someone call my name? I don’t like any of the books I read. Adverbs An adverb tells how, when, where, and to what extent. AND An adverb modifies three things: Adverbs Modifying Verbs Marian Anderson Marian Anderson Marian Anderson Marian Anderson extent) performed performed performed performed magnificently. (how) earlier. (when) there. (where) extensively. (to what Adverbs Modifying Adjectives The players are exceptionally skillful. (the adverb exceptionally modifies the adjective skillful, telling to what extent) The documentary about global warming was thorough enough. (the adverb enough modifies the adjective thorough, telling to what extent) Adverbs Modifying Adverbs Cheetahs can run extremely fast. (the adverb extremely modifies the adverb fast, telling to what extent) Andre reacted to the news rather calmly. (The adverb rather modifies the adverb calmly, telling to what extent) Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Example: The red shirt ripped in the wash. The word red modifies or describes the noun shirt. Articles Articles are the most frequently used adjectives. There are three articles. a an the Verbs Verbs express an action or a state of being. Action Verbs Action verbs can express either physical or mental actions. • Physical actions: paint jog • Mental actions: think hope write ponder Prepositions A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. The noun or pronoun to which the preposition shows a relationship is called the object of the preposition. Examples The The The The The The playful playful playful playful playful playful puppy puppy puppy puppy puppy puppy ran ran ran ran ran ran beside me. toward me. around me. past me. after me. behind me. Commonly Used Prepositions about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, unto, up, upon, with, within, without Preposition vs. Adverb We drove around the parking lot. (the compound noun parking lot is the object of around) We drove around for a while. (around modifies the verb drove answering where) More Examples Vince went inside the house. (The noun house is the object of inside) Vince went inside when the rain started. (Inside modifies the verb went by answering where) Conjunction A conjunction joins words or word groups. There are four main types of conjunctions. Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinate, and Adverbial Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction joins words or word groups that are used in the same way. Coordinating Conjunctions and or nor for so yet but Examples We found a bat and a glove. (Conjunction and joins two objects) They may be hiding in the attic or in the basement. (Conjunction or joins two phrases) My forefathers didn’t come over on the Mayflower, but they met the boat. (Conjunction but combines two clauses) Correlative Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Correlative Conjunctions both…..and not only….but also either….or neither….nor whether….or Examples Both athletes and singers must train for long hours. (conjunction both…and connects two words) We searched not only behind the garage but also under the pecan tree. (conjunction not only…but also connects two phrases) Either your fuel line is clogged, or your carburetor needs adjusting. (Conjunction either…or connects two clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate clause and connects it to an independent clause. Commonly Used Subordinate Conjunctions after as if as well as how provided so that though when wherever why although as much as because before since than unless whenever whether as as though even though if in order that that until where while Examples We arrived late because our train was delayed. Dr. Watson listened quietly while Sherlock Holmes explained his theory. While Sherlock Holmes explained his theory, Dr. Watson listened quietly. Preposition or Conjunction After the basketball game, we celebrated. (After acts as a preposition here with the object being game) After we won the basketball game, we celebrated. (After acts as a subordinating conjunction here joining the two clauses) Adverbial Conjunctions Also known as conjunctive adverbs, adverbial conjunctions are used to connect two independent clauses in a compound sentence. A semicolon is used prior to the conjunction and a comma follows. Common Adverbial Conjunctions also for example in addition meanwhile therefore besides however instead then moreover Examples The old man seldom thought about the old white and blue dishes on the table; however, they seemed very important to him at the moment. My wife went to the IU-Connecticut basketball game last year and sat courtside; meanwhile, I was stuck sitting in her apartment by myself watching on television. Interjections An interjection expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Examples ah whew hey aha oops oh uh-oh well Ouch! That hurts! Well, I think you should apologize. Wow! What a game!