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Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs Auxiliary verbs are used together with other verbs to help them express particular grammatical functions or meanings (e.g. to make questions, or to form tenses) In English, a lot of important meanings are expressed by changes in the verb, e.g. questioning, negation, time, completion, continuation, repetition, willingness, possibility, obligation. But in English verbs do not have many different forms. The maximum (except for BE) is 5. So express these meanings, a number of auxiliary verbs are used. There are 2 groups: 1. Do, Be and Have DO is used to make questions and negative forms of simple tenses, and for other purposes. BE is used with participles (-ing & -ed forms) to make progressive and passive verb-forms. HAVE is used to make perfect verb-forms Do, Be & Have also have other “nonauxiliary” uses. (They carry literal meanings) 2. The “Model Auxiliary” Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought and Need. They have special grammatical features (e.g. they have no infinitive, and the third person singular has no –s) Most model verbs have not only a grammatical function, but also a “dictionary meaning”: e.g. Must can mean “be obliged to” Note: Do, Be and Have do not really have “meanings” of this kind when they are used as auxiliary verbs When Will and Would are used to make future and conditional verb-forms, they do the same kind of job as BE and HAVE. However, grammatically speaking, will and would belong with the “models”. In general, auxiliary verbs form questions and negatives without “do” If they are followed by an infinitive, “to” is not used. (Ought to is an exception) Ordinary verbs like want, hope, except, like, practice, like, practice, which are followed by the to-infinitive or –ing form of other verbs, are not often considered as auxiliary verbs.