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PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS PREPOSITIONS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES VERBS ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS Check for Understanding: How is each red word used? 1. I believe that the Jonas Brothers will disappear from the Pop charts in two years. 2. From his perspective the teacher was wrong in giving him a detention. NOUNS A word used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea Some books were stolen from one of the buildings in the city last week. Which words are used as nouns ? Check for Understanding: Mark-- noun/not noun 1. The desk is broken. 2. We are travelling to Yellowstone National Park. 3. I love to dance to oldies music. 4. We need cooperation from everybody. Common and Proper Nouns Common Proper singer Eminem holiday Christmas Eve high school Wausaukee High School shoes Nike shoes Check for Understanding: Write Common/Proper on your marker board 1. leann rimes is performing at halftime of our homecoming game. 2. we are celebrating new year’s eve in china this year. 3. our high school is located on hwy 141 just north of wausaukee. Concrete ( Perceived with senses Abstract( not perceived with senses) Concrete Abstract fog love milk enthusiasm girl beauty book appreciation Check for Understanding: Write answers on marker board. 1. The injured man does not want your pity; he just wants justice. 2. As you age, never lose sight of your dreams. 3. The fog was so thick, the driver lost her sense of direction and crashed into the driver in front of her. Compound Nouns Two or more words used together as a single noun. Bodyguard (Closed) high school (Open) left-hander (Hyphenated) Write the compound nouns for each sentence. If you think they are written incorrectly, write them the proper way. 1. Her reality was based on self delusion. 2. Throw away your old sleeping bag. 3. The sick dog ate my home work. 4. Please clean the fish-tank before school. PRONOUNS ...word used in place of a noun Personal: I, my, she, her, it, he, they, them Reflexive: myself, themselves, himself, herself, ourselves Interrogative: Whose (are)? What (are)? Which (are) Relative: who, whom, which, that Demonstrative: These (are) That (is) Indefinite: One (is) Both (are) Some (are) A Few (are) Antecedents to Pronouns ...the noun or proper noun that the pronoun replaces Justine thinks that she is better than Sawyer at basketball. Who is she? Everyone in my class enjoys reading novels. However, they do not enjoy the quizzes they get about them. 1. Who or what is they ? 2. Who or what is them ? Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns •You •You •I •me •He •him •She •her •They •them •We •us •It •it •Who •whom For example... Me X and John are best friends. She gave the parts to John and X I. Him X and I are going fishing. You bought that from who? X Possessive Pronouns contain NO apostrophe •It’s very cold outside-It is cold out side •The cat ate all of its food. Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to a particular person. Some are singular, some plural. Singular Plural •another •both •someone •Many of the… •nobody •few •one •several •everybody/everything •neither/either For example Everybody were X suits. X dressed in their Neither were X classes X going to their on time. Find the words used as PRONOUNS and then name each antecedent. David, Chris, and Aaron are brothers. All are in my English class. Tristan and I love to read. Both of us are reading novels. His is a fantasy novel ; mine is a mystery-crime. Find the pronouns and label the antecedents for each. Jade and Aaron are sophomores. They will be getting their drivers license soon. Several of their friends already have theirs. Each student will become more independent , once he or she is allowed to drive by himself or herself. Correct Pronoun Usage: All students who have cell phones should leave (it/them) in (his/ her their) lockers. Many high schools now require (its/their) students to take computer classes Each of the actresses believes (she/they) should be chosen for the part. While Eric was adding sugar to his coffee, he spilled (it/them/the sugar) all over the table. Someone offered to give me a copy of the history test, but I said I didn’t believe in (it/cheating). I know spring is here when (I/you) start seeing children outside play softball. If anyone wants to get ahead in this company, (he/she you) need (s) to be willing to work overtime. ADJECTIVES To understand adjectives, you must first understand what the word modify means. Modify means to describe or make its meaning more definite or specific. ADJECTIVES a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun Circle the nouns/pronouns: The boy gave an expensive present to his friend. Which words modify these words? Each of the adjectives in the previous sentence answers one of the following questions: Expensive present= What kind? An expensive present=How many? The boy=Which boy? Find the words used as adjectives. •Find the nouns/pronouns •Look for words that modify them Paul saw many medieval manuscripts in the local museum. One manuscript, old and torn, was about a tragic legendary hero. Knights in very colorful clothing and ladies in elegant dresses applauded. Placement of Adjectives in a Sentence •Before the noun or pronoun: --The elderly man hit the thief. •As a predicate adjective following a linking verb: --He was kind, gentle, and very generous. --She appeared frightened by the storm. Finding adjectives and the words they modify. Was this an unexpected visitor or a surprise twist in plot? The professional dancers were exhausted from their efforts. Remember what questions adjectives answer about a noun or pronoun? •How many? •Which ones? •What kind? Proper order for using multiple adjectives for one noun: 1. Feelings/Qualities: 7. Material: good, pretty, empty… cotton, paper… 2. Size: small, big, tall… 8. Purpose: 3. Age: old, young… sleeping (bag) 4. Shape: round, square… 5. Color: red, aqua, blue… 6. Origin: American… Verbs Action Verbs- jump, run, skip transitive- I ran the What race fast. intransitive- I was running fast. Linking Verbs- is, appears, seems, looks, sounds, smells, turns, subj seems nice. He Helping Verbs- was,could be, might be (jumping) Kristine will be jumping with joy. Verb Phrase ...the main verb (jumping) and all the verbs that precede it (will be) If you are failing too many classes, you will need to sign up for summer school, which will be held in June. Will you be watching the Super Bowl game? ADVERB ...modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs(when, where, how, how much, to what extent) Afterward, the very old man walked away slowly Tuesday, the completely crazy two cats skittered nervously across the newly polished floor. Adverbs answer... •Where...inside,there, out •When...now, later, yesterday •How...wildly, slowly, fast, courageously •To what extent...very, hardly, slightly,too Now this monument is maintained by the British government. When? Where? How? To what extent? The large, rather flat stone was partially buried in the mud over there. When? Where? How? To what extent? Yesterday the man looked down and found an unusually old coin. When? Where? How? To what extent? I looked very hard for a really good book. I finally became hungry and made a very large pot of soup. The extremely large Easter Bunny fell down and barely got back up in time to finish delivering so many eggs to children. Comparing with Adverbs: Positive…Comparative…Superlative •One syllable words: •Fast…faster…fastest •Most words with more than one syllable : •Clearly…more clearly…most clearly •NOTES: change y to i…earlier •Drop final e…late--later Irregular Comparisons Well…better…best Badly…worse…worst Much…more…most Far…farther…farthest (measurable physical distance) Far…further…furthest (not measurable concept) Little…less…least Far…farther…farthest •In the mile walk/run race, John walked…than I did . •Looking …into the past, I realized my mistake. •On an airplane, you can certainly travel…in comfort than years ago. Negatives are Adverbs Negatives mean “no” or “not”: Sara cannot find her pen. Chris can’t find his pen either. Other negatives: •Never…I have never seen her. •Hardly…I hardly know her. •Nowhere…You have nowhere to hide. •Scarcely… Scarcely anyone heard her. Double Negatives… …the use of two negative words to express one negative idea •I can’t hardly breathe. •There’s barely no pie left. •I haven’t never liked math. PREPOSITIONS ...show the relationship of a noun/pronoun and some other word in a sentence, usually how they are related in space. The man is above the door. BUT NOT: The sky is above. (adverb) Mallory skipped down the sidewalk. BUT NOT: Mallory fell down. (adverb) Distinguishing Prepositions from Adverbs...words are used as prepositions only when they are followed by a noun (prepositional phrases) •The other woman is sitting beyond her. •The other woman looked there and beyond. •I never saw her before. •You had better be finished before noon. •Please don’t drive over the bicycle. •Please move over. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ...preposition and its object. Being the star (of a WNBA team)is the only thing that Gloria thought about; she dreamed of the glory, of the fame, of the fortune, of the glamour, of the boy, boys, boys, who would fall all over her. And, above all else, she felt that her teammates were beneath her in ability, in drive, in looks. CONJUNCTIONS ...a word(s) used to join words or groups of words •coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet The boys and girls sent a letter to Bob, but he did not receive it yet. X •Correlative conjunctions Both/and either/or neither/nor not only/but also whether/or Whether you succeed or fail is totally up to you. Mrs. Kahles calls both Amber and Marianna Amber. Kim asked not only Caleb but also Quinn to the dance. Beware of Conjunctive Adverbs Mason is trying hard to do better in his English class; therefore, he does all his homework. I sent the misbehaving boy to the office; then, I called his parents about the problem. (For instance, as a matter of fact, however, on the other hand, in fact…) Subordinating Conjunctions After I finish my homework, I can go for a walk. Marlee is going to prison because she is really an undercover terrorist spy for the yet unkown terrorist group called al fahita. If Marlee is convicted of spying, she has vowed to take the rest of her conspirators with her: Andrew al Mohammed, Jacob de Margarita, and Mohammed al Quistador von Schreck, their fearsome leader. Interjections Oh dear, I forgot my spectacles in my Camaro. Ouch! That remark hurt! Ha! I almost believe that one. Define Labeling The cat wagged its tail. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun He likes it because she does. 3. Adjective The pretty girl really likes the furry hat. 4. Verb Hand me the test and do it now. If I run really fast, I might win. 5. Adverb 6. Preposition He looked up but couldn’t see over her head. 7. Conjunction She is pretty, yet unfriendly. 8. Interjection Yikes! That man almost hit the dog!