Download PARTS OF SPEECH

PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
PREPOSITIONS
PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVES
VERBS
ADVERBS
CONJUNCTIONS
INTERJECTIONS
Check for Understanding: How is
each red word used?
1. I believe that the Jonas Brothers will
disappear from the Pop charts in two
years.
2. From his perspective the teacher
was wrong in giving him a detention.
NOUNS
A word used to name a person, a place,
a thing, or an idea
Some books were stolen from
one of the buildings in the city
last week. Which words are used
as nouns ?
Check for Understanding:
Mark-- noun/not noun
1. The desk is broken.
2. We are travelling to Yellowstone
National Park.
3. I love to dance to oldies music.
4. We need cooperation from
everybody.
Common and Proper Nouns
Common
Proper
singer
Eminem
holiday
Christmas Eve
high school
Wausaukee High
School
shoes
Nike shoes
Check for Understanding: Write
Common/Proper on your marker board
1. leann rimes is performing at halftime of our homecoming game.
2. we are celebrating new year’s eve
in china this year.
3. our high school is located on
hwy 141 just north of wausaukee.
Concrete ( Perceived with senses
Abstract( not perceived with senses)
Concrete
Abstract
fog
love
milk
enthusiasm
girl
beauty
book
appreciation
Check for Understanding:
Write answers on marker board.
1. The injured man does not want your
pity; he just wants justice.
2. As you age, never lose sight of your
dreams.
3. The fog was so thick, the driver
lost her sense of direction and
crashed into the driver in front of her.
Compound Nouns
Two or more words used together as
a single noun.
Bodyguard (Closed)
high school (Open)
left-hander (Hyphenated)
Write the compound nouns for each
sentence. If you think they are written
incorrectly, write them the proper way.
1. Her reality was based on self delusion.
2. Throw away your old sleeping bag.
3. The sick dog ate my home work.
4. Please clean the fish-tank before
school.
PRONOUNS
...word used in place of a noun
Personal: I, my, she, her, it, he, they, them
Reflexive: myself, themselves, himself, herself,
ourselves
Interrogative: Whose (are)? What (are)? Which (are)
Relative: who, whom, which, that
Demonstrative: These (are) That (is)
Indefinite: One (is) Both (are) Some (are) A
Few (are)
Antecedents to Pronouns
...the noun or proper noun that the
pronoun replaces
Justine thinks that she is better
than Sawyer at basketball.
Who is she?
Everyone in my class enjoys
reading novels. However, they
do not enjoy the quizzes they
get about them.
1. Who or what is they ?
2. Who or what is them ?
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
•You
•You
•I
•me
•He
•him
•She
•her
•They
•them
•We
•us
•It
•it
•Who
•whom
For example...
Me
X and John are best friends.
She gave the parts to John and X
I.
Him
X and I are going fishing.
You bought that from who?
X
Possessive Pronouns
contain NO apostrophe
•It’s very cold outside-It is cold out
side
•The cat ate all of its food.
Indefinite Pronouns
do not refer to a particular person. Some
are singular, some plural.
Singular
Plural
•another
•both
•someone
•Many of the…
•nobody
•few
•one
•several
•everybody/everything
•neither/either
For example
Everybody were
X suits.
X dressed in their
Neither were
X classes
X going to their
on time.
Find the words used as PRONOUNS
and then name each antecedent.
David, Chris, and Aaron are brothers. All
are in my English class.
Tristan and I love to read. Both of us
are reading novels. His is a fantasy
novel ; mine is a mystery-crime.
Find the pronouns and label the
antecedents for each.
Jade and Aaron are sophomores. They
will be getting their drivers license
soon. Several of their friends already
have theirs. Each student will become
more independent , once he or she is
allowed to drive by himself or herself.
Correct Pronoun Usage:
All students who have cell phones
should leave (it/them) in (his/ her
their) lockers.
Many high schools now require
(its/their) students to take computer
classes
Each of the actresses believes (she/they)
should be chosen for the part.
While Eric was adding sugar to his coffee,
he spilled (it/them/the sugar) all over the
table.
Someone offered to give me a copy of
the history test, but I said I didn’t believe
in (it/cheating).
I know spring is here when (I/you) start
seeing children outside play softball.
If anyone wants to get ahead in this
company, (he/she you) need (s) to
be willing to work overtime.
ADJECTIVES
To understand adjectives, you must
first understand what the word
modify means.
Modify means to describe or
make its meaning more definite
or specific.
ADJECTIVES
a word used to modify a noun
or a pronoun
Circle the nouns/pronouns:
The boy gave an expensive present
to his friend.
Which words modify these words?
Each of the adjectives in the previous
sentence answers one of the following
questions:
Expensive present= What kind?
An expensive present=How many?
The boy=Which boy?
Find the words used as adjectives.
•Find the nouns/pronouns
•Look for words that modify them
Paul saw many medieval manuscripts in
the local museum.
One manuscript, old and torn, was about
a tragic legendary hero.
Knights in very colorful clothing and
ladies in elegant dresses applauded.
Placement of Adjectives in a Sentence
•Before the noun or pronoun:
--The elderly man hit the
thief.
•As a predicate adjective following
a linking verb:
--He was kind, gentle, and very
generous.
--She appeared frightened by the
storm.
Finding adjectives and the words
they modify.
Was this an unexpected visitor or a
surprise twist in plot?
The professional dancers were
exhausted from their efforts.
Remember what questions adjectives
answer about a noun or pronoun?
•How many?
•Which ones?
•What kind?
Proper order for using multiple adjectives
for one noun:
1. Feelings/Qualities:
7. Material:
good, pretty, empty…
cotton, paper…
2. Size: small, big, tall…
8. Purpose:
3. Age: old, young…
sleeping (bag)
4. Shape: round, square…
5. Color: red, aqua, blue…
6. Origin: American…
Verbs
Action Verbs- jump, run, skip
transitive- I ran the What
race fast.
intransitive- I was running fast.
Linking Verbs- is, appears, seems,
looks, sounds, smells, turns,
subj seems nice.
He
Helping Verbs-
was,could be, might be
(jumping) Kristine will be jumping with joy.
Verb Phrase
...the main verb (jumping) and all the
verbs that precede it (will be)
If you are failing too many classes, you
will need to sign up for summer school,
which will be held in June.
Will you be watching the Super Bowl
game?
ADVERB
...modifies verbs, adjectives,
adverbs(when, where, how, how much, to
what extent)
Afterward, the very old man walked
away slowly
Tuesday, the completely crazy two
cats skittered nervously across the
newly polished floor.
Adverbs answer...
•Where...inside,there, out
•When...now, later, yesterday
•How...wildly, slowly, fast, courageously
•To what extent...very, hardly, slightly,too
Now this monument is maintained by
the British government.
When? Where? How? To what
extent?
The large, rather flat stone was
partially buried in the mud over
there.
When? Where? How? To what
extent?
Yesterday the man looked down and
found an unusually old coin.
When? Where? How? To what extent?
I looked very hard for a really good
book.
I finally became hungry and made a
very large pot of soup.
The extremely large Easter Bunny fell
down and barely got back up in time to
finish delivering so many eggs to
children.
Comparing with Adverbs:
Positive…Comparative…Superlative
•One syllable words:
•Fast…faster…fastest
•Most words with more than one
syllable :
•Clearly…more clearly…most clearly
•NOTES: change y to i…earlier
•Drop final e…late--later
Irregular Comparisons
Well…better…best
Badly…worse…worst
Much…more…most
Far…farther…farthest (measurable physical
distance)
Far…further…furthest (not measurable concept)
Little…less…least
Far…farther…farthest
•In the mile walk/run race, John
walked…than I did .
•Looking …into the past, I realized
my mistake.
•On an airplane, you can certainly
travel…in comfort than years ago.
Negatives are Adverbs
Negatives mean “no” or “not”:
Sara cannot find her pen.
Chris can’t find his pen either.
Other negatives:
•Never…I have never seen her.
•Hardly…I hardly know her.
•Nowhere…You have nowhere to hide.
•Scarcely… Scarcely anyone heard her.
Double Negatives…
…the use of two negative words to
express one negative idea
•I can’t hardly breathe.
•There’s barely no pie left.
•I haven’t never liked math.
PREPOSITIONS
...show the relationship of a noun/pronoun and
some other word in a sentence, usually how
they are related in space.
The man is above the door.
BUT NOT: The sky is above. (adverb)
Mallory skipped down the sidewalk.
BUT NOT: Mallory fell down. (adverb)
Distinguishing Prepositions from
Adverbs...words are used as prepositions only
when they are followed by a noun (prepositional
phrases)
•The other woman is sitting beyond her.
•The other woman looked there and beyond.
•I never saw her before.
•You had better be finished before noon.
•Please don’t drive over the bicycle.
•Please move over.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
...preposition and its object.
Being the star (of a WNBA team)is
the only thing that Gloria thought
about; she dreamed of the glory, of
the fame, of the fortune, of the
glamour, of the boy, boys, boys, who
would fall all over her. And, above all
else, she felt that her teammates
were beneath her in ability, in drive,
in looks.
CONJUNCTIONS
...a word(s) used to join words or groups
of words
•coordinating conjunctions
and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet
The boys and girls sent a letter to Bob,
but he did not receive it yet.
X
•Correlative conjunctions
Both/and either/or
neither/nor
not only/but also
whether/or
Whether you succeed or fail is totally up to you.
Mrs. Kahles calls both Amber and Marianna
Amber.
Kim asked not only Caleb but also Quinn
to the dance.
Beware of Conjunctive Adverbs
Mason is trying hard to do better in his
English class; therefore, he does all his
homework.
I sent the misbehaving boy to the
office; then, I called his parents
about the problem.
(For instance, as a matter of fact, however, on
the other hand, in fact…)
Subordinating Conjunctions
After I finish my homework, I can go for a
walk.
Marlee is going to prison because she is really
an undercover terrorist spy for the yet unkown
terrorist group called al fahita.
If Marlee is convicted of spying, she has vowed
to take the rest of her conspirators with her:
Andrew al Mohammed, Jacob de Margarita,
and Mohammed al Quistador von Schreck, their
fearsome leader.
Interjections
Oh dear, I forgot my spectacles in my
Camaro.
Ouch! That remark hurt!
Ha! I almost believe that one.
Define
Labeling
The cat wagged its tail.
1. Noun
2. Pronoun He likes it because she does.
3. Adjective The pretty girl really likes the furry hat.
4. Verb
Hand me the test and do it now.
If I run really fast, I might win.
5. Adverb
6. Preposition He looked up but couldn’t see over
her head.
7. Conjunction She is pretty, yet unfriendly.
8. Interjection Yikes! That man almost hit the dog!