Download topic - The Citadel

Building Sentences: Parts of speech
Noun - names person, place, thing, or idea
Pronoun - takes the place of a noun
Verb - shows action or state of being
Adjective - modifies a noun
Adverb - modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective
Conjunction - connects words, phrases, or clauses
Preposition - shows a relationship
Interjection - expresses strong emotion
Building Sentences: Parts of speech
Noun - Beyonce, ocean, park, duty
Pronoun - he, she, it, we, you, they, this, that, one
Verb - dance, be, seem, appear, park
Adjective - dance floor, city park, primary duty
Adverb - dance well, sing loudly, park carefully
Conjunction - for, and, not, but, or, yet, so
Preposition - over, under, with, by, to, through
Interjection - %#@*!
Building Sentences: more vocabulary
Infinitive - “to” + verb
to sing, to dance, to park
Participle - looks like a verb* but functions like an adjective
smoking gun, screaming baby, parked car
Gerund - looks like a verb* but functions like a noun
Smoking is forbidden. Screaming gets you in trouble.
Prepositional phrase - preposition + noun
to the store, in the park, over the fence
* -ing or -ed form of verb
Building Sentences: more vocabulary
Verb - action or state of being
dances, is, was, park
Subject - answers “who” or “what” for the verb
She dances. The rule is. I was. Cars park.
Object - direct object, indirect object, or object of preposition;
noun, pronoun, or gerund
Complement - modifier that follows linking verb
She is our leader. The director seems confused.
Predicate - verb + modifiers and/or objects and/or complements
She is our leader. He gave us extra homework yesterday.
Building Sentences: more vocabulary
Phrase - group of words
a man without a mission, dances with wolves
Clause - subject + verb (or subject + predicate)
He dances with wolves. Although he is sane
Main Clause*- can stand alone; makes sense by itself
Screaming gets you in trouble.
Subordinate Clause**- cannot stand alone
Whenever I call you friend… Although it’s late…
*aka, “independent” clause
**aka, “dependent” clause
Building Sentences: more vocabulary
Noun Clause - clause that functions as a noun
Your new haircut looks good.
Whatever you did to your hair looks good.
Adjective Clause* - clause that functions as an adjective
The old building looks good.
The building that withstood the hurricane looks good.
*aka, “relative clause,” b/c it starts with “relative” pronoun
Kinds of Sentences
Simple - One main idea (subject + predicate)
Texting is difficult. Anyone can do it.
Compound - Multiple ideas that are equally important
Texting is difficult, but anyone can do it.
Complex - Multiple ideas of unequal importance
Although texting is difficult, anyone can do it.
Compound-Complex - Multiple ideas of varying importance
Although texting is difficult, anyone can do it, and
many people do.
Punctuating Compound Sentences
Comma + conjunction
Texting is difficult, but anyone can do it.
Semicolon
Texting is difficult; anyone can do it.
Semicolon + conjunctive adverb + comma
Text is difficult; however, anyone can do it.
Comma(s) – but ONLY for three or more independent clauses
God is great, beer is good, and people are crazy.
Texting is difficult, anyone can do it.
Understanding Punctuation
Comma – shows a break between items, but is weaker than a conjunction
Food is good, free food is better.
Food is good, but free food is better.
Semicolon – shows that two clauses are closely related and equally important
Food is good; free food is better.
Colon – completes a thought, but announces that whatever follows the colon
will provide additional information about, or an explanation of,
whatever precedes the colon
Food is good: it’s what I live for.
Food is good: anything that crawls, runs, or swims.
Understanding Objects
Direct object - receives the action of the verb
I threw the ball. You wrote a paper.
Indirect object - to whom or for whom the action is done
I threw her the ball. You wrote me a paper.
Object of a preposition - follows a preposition
I threw the ball to her. She tossed it into the stands.
Understanding Objects
The object of a preposition CANNOT also be the subject of a sentence.
Crystal’s article, “2B or Not 2B,” says that texting is OK.
In his article, “2B or Not 2B,” Crystal says that texting is OK.
In Crystal’s article, “2B or Not 2B,” says that texting is OK.
In Crystal’s article, “2B or Not 2B,” he says that texting is OK.
In his article, “2B or Not 2B,” Crystal says that texting is OK.
In “2B or Not 2B,” Crystal says that texting is OK