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Participles are:
Verbal
Adjectives
Verbs that retain some of their “verbness”
Transformed into adjectives. These
hybrids now function grammatically as
adjectives.
How do we make these cool hybrids
Today, we’ll focus on Perfect Passive Participles
everybody’s asking
Remember: participles are verbs transformed
into adjectives, so we start with a verb
do, dare, dedi, datus -a, -um
The fourth principal part is the abbreviated
Perfect Passive Participle (PPP)
The –us form is the Nominative, Masculine,
Singular of a 1st & 2nd declension adjective
Expanded it looks like all other first and second
declension adjectives
Once we’ve transformed our verb into an
adjective, it can be declined like any other
adjective using the endings we already know!
do, dare, dedi, datus, -a, -um
1st Decl Fem
2nd Decl Masc
Sing
Plural
Nom.
data
datae
Gen.
datae datarum Gen.
dati
datorum Gen.
dati
datorum
Dat.
datae datis
Dat.
dato
datis
Dat.
dato
datis
Acc.
datam datas
Acc.
datum datos
Acc.
datum data
Abl.
datā
Abl.
dato
Abl.
dato
datis
Sing
2nd Decl Neut
Nom.
Plural
datus dati
datis
Sing
Nom.
Plural
datum data
datis
Perfect Passive Participles are always translated
by the formula “having been insert past
participle of the verb here.”
do, dare, dedi, datum = to give
So any form of the datus, -a, -um participle is
translated as “having been given” or “given”
Rosae datae sunt beatae =
The roses, having been given, are beautiful.
The given roses are beautiful.
Remember: participles are verbs transformed
into adjectives.
As adjectives, they follow the same rules as
other Latin adjectives. That means they have to
agree with the nouns they modify in Case,
Number, and Gender.
In our example datae is the adjective modifying
rosae. So they agree in Case, Number, and
Gender. Both are Nominative, Plural, Feminine.
Rosae datae sunt beatae =
The roses, having been given, are beautiful.
Remember: participles are verbs transformed
into adjectives.
But unlike other adjectives, participles can still
do verb-like things. They can still have direct
and indirect objects.
Let’s give our participle an indirect object!
Rosae matri datae sunt beatae =
The roses, having been given to the mother, are
beautiful.
Memor, ā libertō excitatus, iratissimus erat.
Memor, having been awoken by his freedman, was
very angry.
thermae, ā Romanīs aedificatae, maximae erant.
The baths, having been built by the Romans were
large.
servus, ā dominō verberatus, ex oppidō fugit.
The slave, having been beaten by the master, fled
from the town.
nuntiī, ā rege arcessitī, rem terribilem
narraverunt.
The messengers, having been summoned by
the king, told a terrible story.
milites, ab hostibus vulneratī, thermas
visitare voluerunt.
The soldiers, having been wounded by the
enemy, wanted to visit the baths.
uxor, ā maritō vexata, ē villā discessit.
The wife, having been annoyed by her
husband, left from the house.