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English Lessons Priority Topics: Grammar Grammar: The “Rotten Dozen” Fragments Run-ons/Comma Splices/ Period Faults Faulty Coordination and Subordination (“and” habit, e.g.) Adjectives vs Adverbs Prepositions vs Conjunctions Dangling Constructions S-V Agreement Pronoun Reference and Agreement Errors in Case Errors in Tense and Mood Lack of Parallelism Also: Errors in Voice (Bad Voices) Infinitives (Splitting) Adjective Order Adverb Emphasis 1. Sentence Fragments These are incomplete sentences which usually do not have a verb or a subject to complete the thought. They are in the form of phrases or dependent clauses. Make sure that all sentences make sense. Do not punctuate a part of sentence as if it were a whole sentence. Ask yourself: who is the doer of the action? That will provide a subject. Then ask, what is being done? That will provide a predicate, which is, in its simplest form, a verb. These two elements make up the parts of a basic, complete sentence. Incorrect: Our cluster composed of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC), Tarlac College of Agriculture(TCA) , Bulacan Agricultural State College(BASC), Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University(DVTSU), Ifugao State University(IFSU), Benguet State University (BSU) and my school the Isabela State University (ISU). Correct: Our cluster was composed of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC), Tarlac College of Agriculture(TCA) , Bulacan Agricultural State College(BASC), Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University(DVTSU), Ifugao State University(IFSU), Benguet State University (BSU) and my school the Isabela State University (ISU). Correct: Our cluster, composed of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College (ISPSC), Tarlac College of Agriculture(TCA) , Bulacan Agricultural State College(BASC), Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University(DVTSU), Ifugao State University(IFSU), Benguet State University (BSU) and my school the Isabela State University (ISU), made plans. 2. The Comma Error/The Period Fault Do not write two sentences without any punctuation (usually a period) between them. The result will be a run-on sentence. A careful writer never forgets to end sentences with the appropriate punctuation. Incorrect: Writers will definitely learn a lot from him, from his skills in writing to his vast experience as a journalist he can help us. Correct: Writers will definitely learn a lot from him, from his skills in writing to his vast experience. As a journalist he can help us. Correct: Writers will definitely learn a lot from him, from his skills in writing to his vast experience, because as a journalist, he can help us. Correct: Writers will definitely learn a lot from him, from his skills in writing to his vast experience; thus, as a journalist he can help us. Do not use a comma to join two sentences. Use a conjunction or a period to separate the two. In some cases, it is acceptable to use a semi-colon. Incorrect: Joe Torres is simply a unique breed , the irony is, here's a belt-bag-clad guy who's assigned to discuss about “writing” but delivered the entirety of his talk in Tagalog citing fear of having his grammar checked if he spoke in English. Correct: Joe Torres is simply from a unique breed. The irony is, here's a belt-bag-clad guy who's assigned to discuss about “writing” but delivered the entirety of his talk in Tagalog, citing fear of having his grammar checked if he spoke in English. Correct: Joe Torres is simply from a unique breed; the irony is, here's a belt-bag-clad guy who's assigned to discuss about “writing” but delivered the entirety of his talk in Tagalog, citing fear of having his grammar checked if he spoke in English Correct: Joe Torres is simply from a unique breed; yet the irony is, here's a belt-bag-clad guy who's assigned to discuss about “writing” but delivered the entirety of his talk in Tagalog, citing fear of having his grammar checked if he spoke in English 3. Lack of Parallel Structure Express parallel ideas in similar form. Use phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses, infinitives with infinitives, etc. Statements that balance are as desirable in English as in bookkeeping! Incorrect: This three-day training also serves as the social gathering of both the neophyte writers in the iSchools Project and the experienced writers. Correct: This three-day training also serves as the social gathering of both the neophyte writers and the experienced writers in the iSchools Project. 4. Faulty Subordination and Coordination Be careful not to put into one sentence many statements connected with and’s, so’s or but’s. Either form two sentences, or show the subordination of ideas by providing effective transition words. With the use of the appropriate conjunctions, you will discover that the flow of thought or the logical sequence of the sentence becomes clearer. Incorrect: As committed partners and participants, we were able to create and present our Communication Plan per SUC based from the Cluster Communication Plan output. Correct: As committed partners and participants, we were able to present the Communication Plan we created per SUC based on the Cluster Communication Plan output. Make sure you use the correct subordinate conjunction to suit the relationship or logic binding the clauses. Incorrect: At least according to Ms Torrecampo which he borrowed the words of JM Barrie “We are all failures – at least the best of us are.” Correct: At least according to Ms Torrecampo, who borrowed the words of JM Barrie “We are all failures – at least the best of us are.” 5. Dangling Constructions A word, phrase or dependent clause should modify the proper element in a sentence (usually the subject of the principal verb), or else, the meaning of the sentence will become obscure. It is advisable to change the phrase to a subordinate clause, rearrange the position of the phrase or clause, or insert the necessary word which the dangling construction should modify. Incorrect: The municipal mayor, Madeline Mendoza Ong, pledged for support and promised to request the municipal council, specifically the education committee for an appropriation of the lacking laboratory facilities, part of the school’s counterpart. Correct: The municipal mayor, Madeline Mendoza Ong, pledged support and promised to request an appropriation of the lacking laboratory facilities from the municipal council’s education committee as counterpart funding for the school. Squinting modifier Incorrect: Though I could say that the media group in Baguio City and the province of Benguet, in general, practice journalism ethics. Correct: [Though] in general, I could say that the media group in Baguio City and the province of Benguet, practice journalism ethics. Correct: [Though] I could say that the media group in Baguio City and the province of Benguet, practice journalism ethics in general. Incorrect: [Though] I could say that in general the media group in Baguio City and the province of Benguet, practice journalism ethics. Adverb emphasis: recall dangling constructions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Jack told Jill he loved her only. Jack told Jill he loved only her. Jack told Jill he only loved her. Jack told Jill only he loved her. Jack told only Jill he loved her. Jack only told Jill he loved her. Only Jack told Jill he loved her. 6. Errors in Case Cases Pron Nominative/ ouns Subjective Accusative/ Objective No + Pers Pers Pron Pers Pron Intensifiers Who Genitive/ Possessive Reflexi Pers Pron Ve Whom Whose 1st s I myself me myself My-- --mine 2nd s you yourself you yourself your yours 3rd s he masc himself him himself- his his fem she herself her herself hers hers neut it itself it itself its (its) 1st pl we ourus selves ourselves our ours 2nd pl you youryou selves yourselves your yours 3rd pl they them- them- their theirs them Incorrect: Another lecture will focus on online writing and familiarizing the ischools ning network. Correct: Another lecture will focus on online writing and familiarizing them with the ischools ning network. The subject of a verb, whether expressed or understood, must be in the nominative case, especially after comparisons. Incorrect: Correct: He is busy as me. He is as busy as I. (am/ am busy) The object of a preposition is in the objective case. Incorrect: Between him and I there is no problem with the cluster plan. Correct: Between him and me there is no problem with the cluster plan. Incorrect: Who do you wish to write about? Correct: Whom do you wish to write about? A pronoun that follows any form of the verb to be takes the same case as its subject. Incorrect: Correct: It was me who called you for a meeting. It was I who called you for a meeting. (It…I = nominative case) Incorrect: Correct: They thought him to be I. They thought him to be me. (him…me = objective case) Note the difference between IT’S and ITS. 7. Errors in Pronoun Agreement A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, gender and number. Incorrect: According to Ms Torrecampo which he borrowed the words of JM Barrie “We are all failures – at least the best of us are.” Correct: Ms Torrecampo borrowed the words of JM Barrie. She said, “We are all failures – at least the best of us are.” Each, every, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, nobody, somebody, someone, anybody and other pronouns similar to these are considered singular, even though applicable to many people at the same time. These are indefinite pronouns. Incorrect: . Each cluster will assign one member from their group to discuss their work… Correct: Each cluster will assign one member from its group to discuss its work. Incorrect: He discussed the project cycle and the major activities like social preparation, hardware deployment which includes setup and testing of all the computers, the conduct of training to all the recipient Public High Schools, the progress monitoring and evaluation to ensure that every steps are being undertaken... Correct: He discussed the project cycle and the major activities like social preparation, hardware deployment which includes setup and testing of all the computers, the conduct of training to all the recipient Public High Schools, the progress monitoring and evaluation to ensure that every step is being undertaken… 8. Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement A singular subject takes on a singular verb. The usual pattern is for a singular subject to have a verb with an “s” ending; for a plural subject to have an “s” ending, but to take on a verb that does not end in “s.” Incorrect: There were some who speaks well but is equipped with just-enough knowledge of the topic. Correct: There are some who speak well but are equipped with just enough knowledge of the topic. Correct: There are some who speak well but are equipped with just enough knowledge of the topic. Collocative pairs are also treated as a unit and one pair takes on a singular verb. This is called notional relationship. In some cases, the kind of verb to use, whether plural or singular, depends on the intent of the sentence. Example: Monitoring and Evaluation is the group’s name. Monitoring and evaluation are two separate tasks. Monitoring and evaluation day is already scheduled. Correct: Drafting and presentation of individual and cluster communication plan were the required outputs. Correct: Drafting and presentation of individual and cluster communication plan was the required output. Collective and mass nouns take on a singular verb, except when counters (determiners) show plurality Example: a cluster is; two clusters are When the action of a collective noun is leading to its breakdown, the noun is plural Example: The cluster agrees on a plan. The cluster are debating on the plan. Incorrect: The team which includes Joe Torres, Editorin-Chief of REMATE is expected to impart their knowledge and vast experience in writing using various media. Correct: The team which includes Joe Torres, Editorin-Chief of REMATE is expected to impart its knowledge and vast experience in writing using various media. 9. Errors in Tense and Mood Timeline Past Perfect Past P act a1 Present Perfect a2 Past Had+ pp Present P act b1 b2 Pres Simple past has/have simple +pp pres e.g. of past participle: been, taken, begun note: go ,went , gone en/ ain, ed/d, u forms Future Perfect Future P act c1 c2 Future Will simple Shall future have +pp Confusion of tense forms/verb forms Incorrect: SUC iSchools writers were came from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao clusters. Correct: SUC iSchools writers came from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao clusters. Correct: SUC iSchools writers are from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao clusters. Correct: SUC iSchools writers were assigned from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao clusters. Helping verb forms: be, is, are, am, was, were + past participle (“Tense of verb form” is not “time-bound”) Incorrect : I’m not surprise… Correct: I’m not surprised (I am) Modal forms + verb in base form Incorrect: The PR (media relations) practitioner should analyzes trends and public opinion, understands his or her institution and can deliver effective messages to different audiences. The PR (media relations) practitioner should analyze trends and public opinion, understand his or her institution and deliver effective messages to different audiences Have/had + infinitive phrase (to + v base) Incorrect: They had to went back to school. Correct: They had to go back to school. Note differences: They had had to go back. They had to go back. They have to go back. They have had to go back. They went back. They go back. They are going back. They were going back. They will go back. They will have gone back. Confusion of Past with Past Perfect Tense An action completed in the past, before some other action of the past, should be expressed in the past perfect tense. Past perfect tense: had + past participle Incorrect: Correct: After the seminar ended, they signed the contract. After the seminar had ended, signed the contract. Confusion of Present with Present Perfect Tense An action beginning in the past and which continues to the present should be expressed in the present perfect tense. Incorrect: I am working as a writer two years already. Correct: I have worked as a writer for two years. I have been working as a writer for two years. Confusion of Present with Past Tense A condition habitually or necessarily true in both the past and the present, should be expressed in the present tense. Incorrect: It really surprised me to see how big UP was. Correct: It really surprised me to see how big UP is. Confusion of Tenses in Conditional Sentences Conditional sentences are expressed in the subjunctive mood. A condition contrary to fact but which supposedly occurred in the past, should be expressed in the past tense. Incorrect: I blended with the crowd as if I know the place. Correct: I blended with the crowd, as if I knew the place. Incorrect: I don’t know if I can do the job as writer. I am sure I could do the job as writer. Correct: I don’t know if I could do the job as writer. I am sure I can do the job as writer. 10. Errors in the Use of Adjectives vs. Adverbs Use an adjective to describe a person or a thing. Examples: old material; tall order; new directive. Use an adverb to describe action or to show the manner in which a thing is done. Examples: the old material rarely referred to; unreasonably tall order; new directive hardly enforced. Adjectives answer the questions: Which one? What kind? Adverbs answer the questions: When? Where? Why? How? How much? Adverbs usually end in “ly.” However, these should not be confused with adjectives that also end in “ly”, such as: brotherly, cowardly, friendly, ghostly, leisurely, heavenly, lovely, masterly, motherly, princely, scholarly, worldly, ghastly, holly, jolly, silly, ugly. The latter five adjectives have “ly” as part of the stem. There are other adjectives formed from other adjectives by adding “ly”, with a slight alteration in meaning occurring as a result: dead/deadly, elder/elderly, kind/kindly, lone/lonely, low/lowly, sick/sickly. Incorrect: He smiled at me in a kind fashion. He smiled at me kindlily. He smiled friendly at me. He smiled friendlily at me. Correct: He smiled at me in a kindly fashion. He smiled at me in a friendly way. Hard, fast, straight, slow and other similar words can either be adjectives or adverbs. Example: He works hard. (adverb) This is hard work. (adjective) Note, too, that a group of words ending in “ly” relates to periods. The adjective and the adverb have the same form. These words include hourly, daily, nightly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, yearly. Example: The writers were granted a yearly incentive. (adjective) The writers get an incentive yearly. (adverb) Verbs of the senses (look, taste, sound, smell, feel) and others that sometimes function like these—appear, seem, be, become, are followed by adjectives unless they describe actual action. Examples: This paper looks good. Look in the pages well to find the answer. You appear interested in the training. You should appear regularly in the sessions. “Doing” verbs require adverbs. “Being” verbs require adjectives. The test for “being” verbs is that the subject in some way equals the complement. Incorrect: Correct: All the plans have gone wrongly. All the plans have gone wrong. All plans = wrong Incorrect: Correct: The reader looked eager at the blog post. The reader looked eagerly at the blog post. The reader is not equal to the blog post. The man is not equal to “the look.” Two special cases: 1. I feel good/well. I feel bad/badly about what happened. I feel poor/poorly. 2. They wrote direct/directly. Some noun-verb combinations used as compound adjectives are often written with a hyphen, especially if these appear before the noun. Example: This is a performanceenhancing method. His performance, enhancing his unit’s effectivity, was duly noted. Compound adjectives beginning with a short adverb also take hyphens when positioned before the noun. Examples: soon-forgotten setbacks well-accomplished person Fresh coffee smells (good, well). The dinner bell sounds (good, well). Dinner sounds (good, well). The house stood (firm, firmly) against the wind. I stand (firm, firmly) on my convictions. The dog smells (good, well). Incorrect: Meanwhile, most of the teachers take on a 25-minute ride from the town proper on a “single” ( a motorcycle setup similarly to the skylab of the Visayas). Correct: Meanwhile, most of the teachers take on a 25-minute ride from the town proper on a “single” ( a motorcycle setup similar to the skylab of the Visayas). 11. Obscurity Due To Confusion of Pronouns The repeated use of the same pronoun makes the meaning of the sentences obscure. Substitute names or direct discourse. Vague or misplaced antecedents should be shifted to positions nearer the pronoun which refers to them. Incorrect: The princess will no longer wait in vain for her prince as it has finally arrived through the spirit of the iSchools project. Correct: It= I schools? It= prince? Correct: The princess will no longer wait in vain for her prince as he has finally arrived through the spirit of the iSchools project. Correct: The princess will no longer wait in vain. The iSchools project’s spirit has arrived. It is like her prince. Incorrect: The accessibility of the school to congregational venue also added factor to make it a beneficiary recipient. With it, they may not only use the resources for classroom instructions but they may also use these resources to any activities related for the improvement of the school and other neighboring schools within the municipality. How to Correct: The accessibility of the school to congregational venue also added factor to make it (school? congregation?) a beneficiary recipient. With it, (school? congregation? congregation venue? accessibility?) they (who are they? school= it; congregation= it) may not only use the resources for classroom instructions but they may also use these resources to any activities related for the improvement of the school and other neighboring schools within the municipality. 12. Prepositions Misused As Conjunctions A preposition joins words or phrases in a sentence. Examples are: the lecturer at the board; colleagues in the profession; the information desk near the door. A conjunction joins clauses. Examples are: come back when the papers are ready; he is late because he worked; ask him whether the deadline is still enforced. Use like, without, from and except as prepositions (phrases). Use as, as if, unless and than as conjunctions (clauses). Stop writing (as if, like) you were the worst writer. Stop writing(as if, like) the worst writer. I’d reach for the goal (as, like) a star. I’d reach for goal(as, like) I’d reach for a star. Writing does not come out good (except, unless) with editing. Writing does not come out good (except, unless) it is edited. Writing in English is different (from, than) speaking it. If you were to write in English, it is different (than, from) if you had to speak it. Incorrect: The individual communication plan was not really that hard like I thought. Correct: The individual communication plan was not really that hard as I thought. 13. The Active and Passive Voices The voice of a verb refers to whether it is used as an active or passive one in a sentence. Active verbs tell the reader what the subject did or does or will do. When they tell what happened to the subject instead of what the subject was or did, they are called passive verbs. The subject receives the action instead of acting. Incorrect: The three day commitment setting and planning workshop for writers has already finished See expression to note error: The workshop has finished what? The workshop does not do anything to complete this action. Correct: The three day commitment setting and planning workshop for writers has already been finished. Correct: The writers finished the three day commitment setting and planning workshop. Double passive/Bad voice Incorrect: The one who made the qualifying examination for writers informed us how we were considered to be included as one of the participants wordy; can be compressed Correct: The one who made the qualifying examination for writers informed us that we were considered to be one of the participants. Correct: The one who made the qualifying examination for writers informed us how consideration was made for us to be included as one of the participants. 14. The Split Infinitive It is preferable not to separate the parts of an infinitive. Such separation, however, is occasionally permitted in speech; less often, in writing. Sentence meaning and rhythm determine whether such splitting makes for clearness or awkwardness. Incorrect: The writer applicant was asked to quickly go take the exam. Correct: The writer applicant was asked to go take the exam quickly. Faulty Diction 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. discussed about, based from consideration on to what qualified me said training trainings went around on my mind full pledged good night sleep 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. gathered together plan for the series of training unique breed late night sleeps fell at home colored papers went for a shop at SM In search for fresh milk 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. the training wherein… brain boggling compare ourselves to others every steps In support to the activities