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Agreement Subject/Verb and Verb Tense Review: Parts of a Sentence • Subject + Predicate = Sentence • What is a subject? • What is a predicate? • What is the difference between simple and complex? Review: Verb tenses • Infinitive• Past• Present• Future- Using Subject-Verb Agreement What is subject-verb agreement? How to fix problems in agreement Phrases between subjects and verbs Indefinite pronouns Compound subjects Subjects after verbs Don’t and doesn’t Review A Review B What is subject-verb agreement? Every sentence has a subject and a verb. Subject Verb The dog dog runs. runs. runs. Subject Verb sails. A ship ship sails. sails. Subject Verb Two children childrenplay play playmusic. music. music. What is subject-verb agreement? Number Number is the form a word takes to show whether it is singular or plural. • A word that refers to one thing is singular. • A word that refers to more than one is plural. Singular Plural scientists scientist goose geese they she What is subject-verb agreement? Singular subjects A verb should agree in number with its subject. • Singular subjects take singular verbs. Singular Singular Verb Subject Tabitha Tabitha rides ridesthe the thetrain. train. train. rides Singular Singular Subject Verb He repairs thebicycle. bicycle. He repairs the What is subject-verb agreement? Plural subjects • Plural subjects take plural verbs. Plural Plural Subject Verb The ride the the train. The girls ride thetrain. girls ride Plural Subject Plural Verb They repair thebicycle. bicycle. They repair repair the the bicycle. What is subject-verb agreement? Plural subjects In a verb phrase the first helping verb agrees with the subject. Singular Singular Verb Phrase Helping Verb Subject is repairing the bicycle. He is Plural Plural HelpingVerb VerbPhrase Subject are repairing repairing the bicycle. They They are What is subject-verb agreement? On Your Own For each sentence, identify the subject, and then choose the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject. 1. The water (rushes, rush) down the river. 2. The bees (buzzes, buzz) around the picnic table. 3. The photograph (was, were) a gift from my cousin. 4. At the science fair the winner always (receives, receive) a savings bond. 5. They (march, marches) in all the parades. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Phrases between subjects and verbs Sometimes a phrase comes between the subject and the verb. Subject Verb Phrase Verb of Coyote. those folk tales is Coyote. The hero is The number of the subject is usually not changed by a phrase following the subject. Subject Verb The hero of those folk tales is Coyote. How to fix problems in agreement Phrases between subjects and verbs Subject Verb bag of on the the shelf. shelf. A bag of marbles marbles isis on Is agrees with bag, not marbles. Subject Verb The peppers inthe the garden garden have grownquickly. quickly. peppers in have grown The helping verb have agrees with peppers, not garden. How to fix problems in agreement Phrases between subjects and verbs On Your Own For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses. 1. A tidal wave, despite its name, (is, are) not caused by the tides. 2. Earthquakes beneath the sea (causes, cause) most tidal waves. 3. Tidal waves in the open ocean generally (does, do) not cause much interest. 4. The height of tidal waves there often (remains, remain) low. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to a person or thing whose exact identity is unknown. • Some indefinite pronouns are singular. • Some are plural. • Some may be either singular or plural, depending on how they are used. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns are singular: Singular indefinite pronouns anybody either neither one anyone everybody nobody somebody anything everyone no one someone each everything nothing something Subject Subject Verb Verb Verb Neither of on the boys is sale in my Nothing ever goes on at class. thiswell. store. Everyone the team dribbles How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns are plural: Plural indefinite pronouns both few Subject many Verb Both of them wear glasses. Subject Verb Few have traveled there. Verb Subject Are many of the tools sharp? several How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on how they are used: Singular or plural indefinite pronouns Subject all more none any most some Verb Most of the ice has melted. Subject Singular when they refer to singular words Verb Most of the ice cubes have melted. Plural when they refer to plural words How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns On Your Own For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses. 1. Most of the balloons (has, have) long strings. 2. Both of these shoes (gives, give) me blisters. 3. Someone on the soccer team (needs, need) a new uniform. 4. Neither of the boys (was, were) wearing a helmet. 5. None of the house (has, have) been painted yet. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects A compound subject is two or more subjects that are joined by a coordinating conjunction and that have the same verb. • Subjects joined by and usually take plural verbs. Red and Subject 1 Jana, blue are the school’s colors. Subject 2 Verb Kurt, Subject 1 Subject 2 and Riley Subject 3 enjoy skating. Verb How to fix problems in agreement Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions and but or for yet so nor A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that are used in the same way. How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects • Singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb. Neither the bus nor the Singular On Mondays, Manuel or Singular train stops in our town. Singular Verb Gina baby-sits. Singular Verb How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects • Plural subjects joined by or or nor take a plural verb. Curtains or artworks add color to a room. Plural Plural Neither lemons nor Plural Verb limes were sold there. Plural Verb How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects • When a singular and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject that is closer to the verb. Plural Singular Verb Either flowers or a book usually makes a nice gift. The verb makes agrees with the nearer subject, book. Singular Maria or her Plural Verb parents prepare the lunches. The verb prepare agrees with the nearer subject, parents. How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects On Your Own For each of the following sentences, choose the verb that agrees with the compound subject. 1. Ants and spiders (has, have) invaded the backyard. 2. Mandy and her friends (is, are) going to the movies. 3. A statue or a fountain (looks, look) good in a park setting. 4. Neither maples nor elms (grows, grow) well in the valley. 5. Either potatoes or rice (is, are) served with the chicken. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Subjects after verbs In some sentences the subject comes after the verb. Plural Subject Here (is,are are) the the balloons. balloons. When the subject follows the verb . . . 1. Find the subject. 2. Make sure the verb agrees with it. How to fix problems in agreement Subjects after verbs Subjects also appear after verbs in questions. Plural Subject Where (is, are are) the old magazines? magazines? 1. Find the subject. 2. Make sure the verb agrees with it. How to fix problems in agreement Subjects after verbs On Your Own For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses. 1. There (is, are) a new student in my brother’s class. 2. (Was, Were) the fans cheering for the other team? 3. Where (has, have) Reggie hidden the gifts? 4. Here (stands, stand) the bravest heroes among us. 5. There (is, are) several correct answers to that question. [End of Section] How to fix agreement problems Don’t and doesn’t The contractions don’t and doesn’t should agree with their subjects. Don’t is the contraction of do not. Use it with I and you and with all plural subjects. Singular Plural I don’t we don’t you don’t you don’t they don’t Don’t You I don’t don’t the puppies want know that the look rules coat. cute? yet. How to fix agreement problems Don’t and doesn’t Doesn’t is the contraction of does not. Use it with all singular subjects except I and you. Singular I don’t you don’t he/she/it doesn’t The Doesn’t car He doesn’t she doesn’t bowlrun on know well a teen you. in the league? winter. How to fix agreement problems Don’t and doesn’t On Your Own For each of the following sentences, choose the correct contraction in parentheses. 1. I (don’t, doesn’t) have any math homework tonight. 2. (Don’t, doesn’t) you usually study with Julia? 3. That show (don’t, doesn’t) come on until 9:00. 4. My grandparents (don’t, doesn’t) live near us. 5. (Don’t, Doesn’t) Jerome play the guitar anymore? [End of Section] Review A Choose the verb form in parentheses that agrees with the subject. 1. Everyone in her family (prefers, prefer) to drink water. 2. Jamal and his parents (enjoys, enjoy) musicals. 3. There (is, are) three baby birds in the nest. 4. Neither the mower nor the weed-eater (works, work) well. 5. Industries in the state (includes, include) farming and mining. Review B For each of the following sentences, if the subject and verb do not agree, write the correct form of the verb. If the verb already agrees with the subject, write C. 1. This table and this chair were made by hand in Mexico. 2. Each of my brothers go to college out of state. 3. Mr. Chang and his class has painted a mural for the hall. 4. A tornado or a hurricane is a dangerous storm. 5. Here is the decorations for the dance. [End of Section] Verb Tense Agreement • To understand agreement, you must understand tenses… – There are 9 main verb tenses. We will focus on 6. • Past, Present, and Future all have 3 forms. – Simple – Conditional – Perfect Understanding Verb Tense What are verb tenses? Present and present perfect Past and past perfect Future and future perfect Consistency of tense Review A Review B What are verb tenses? Why do verbs have so many different forms? Verbs take different forms to show all the possibilities for when something can happen. She will draw. She draws. She has drawn. What are verb tenses? The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or state of being expressed by the verb. Each tense has its own use. Present Paul lives in Boston. Present perfect Past He has lived in several cities. Paul once lived in Utah. Past perfect He had lived in Georgia before that. Future Paul will live in Boston for a long time. Future perfect He will have lived there four years. What are verb tenses? Present and present perfect The present tense expresses a general truth, an action that occurs regularly, or a state of being that exists at the present time. Mom drinks orange juice. Present Present What are verb tenses? Present and present perfect The present perfect tense • expresses an action that occurred or a state of being that existed at an indefinite time in the past • is usually formed with have or has plus the past participle Saul has drunk his juice already. We don’t know when Saul drank it. Present Present - - - -> Present perfect What are verb tenses? Past and past perfect The past tense expresses an action or a state of being that started and ended in the past. The scouts hiked all morning. Past Past Present Present - - - -> Present Perfect What are verb tenses? Past and past perfect The past perfect tense • expresses an action or a state of being that ended before another past action or state of being • is usually formed with had plus the past participle The scouts had hiked five miles before they stopped for lunch. Past Past - - - -> Past Perfect Present Present - - - -> Present Perfect What are verb tenses? Future and future perfect The future tense • expresses an action that will occur or a state of being that will exist • is usually formed with will or shall plus the base form The class will tour the Indian ruins. Present Present - - - -> Present Perfect Future Future What are verb tenses? Future and future perfect The future perfect tense • expresses an action or a state of being that will end before another future action or state of being • is usually formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle By the end of the trip, the class will have toured three ruins. Present Present - - - -> Present Perfect Future Future - - - -> Future Perfect What are verb tenses? On Your Own Change the tense of the boldface verb in each sentence to the tense in parentheses. 1. Miguel makes the photo larger. (Change to past.) 2. The picnic took place on Sunday. (Change to future.) 3. The boys ran three miles in one hour. (Change to past perfect.) 4. By then, Aunt Nell had arrived. (Change to future perfect.) 5. Cynthia had played the violin beautifully. (Change to present.) [End of Section] Consistency of tense Do not change from one tense to another without a good reason. To describe events that occur in the same time period, use verbs in the same tense. past tense past tense When we went to the movies, we bought popcorn. present tense present tense When we go to the movies, we buy popcorn. Consistency of tense For events that occur in different time periods, use verbs of different tenses to show the order of events. present tense past tense Lisa plays basketball now, but last year she was on the volleyball team. Lisa’s basketball playing is occurring in the present. Her volleyball playing happened in the past. Consistency of tense On Your Own Rewrite the paragraph in the past tense. Change verb forms to make the tenses consistent. (1) Lightning struck our house, and I run straight for cover. (2) “Oh, no!” I exclaim. (3) The electricity was out! (4) My parents get out the flashlights, and we played a game. (5) The stove and microwave do not work, so we have a cold supper in the living room. (6) In the morning, we are all happy. (7) The sun shone and our electricity is back on. [End of Section] Review A Change the tense of each boldface verb to the tense given in parentheses. 1. The children wear their seatbelts. (past perfect) 2. The bell in the clock tower rang. (present) 3. My family will move to Seattle. (present perfect) 4. With confidence, Sara begins the quiz. (past) 5. We sent the packages by airmail. (future) Review B Rewrite the paragraph in the past tense. Change verb forms to make the tenses consistent. (1) I travel to Denver and visited my grandparents. (2) Grandpa gave me a big hug when I get off the train. (3) Then we all go to their house for dinner. (4) The very next morning Grandma takes me downtown and we shopped for books and shoes. (5) Then she and I meet up with Grandpa and went to the museum. [End of Section] The End Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Definitions • What is a pronoun? • What is an antecedent? Using Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns Antecedents joined by or or nor Antecedents joined by and Review A Review B What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? You may have heard that it is rude to point, but that’s exactly what pronouns do. A pronoun “points” to a noun or another pronoun called its antecedent. Antecedent Pronoun Does that plant it? planthave havemold moldon onit? it? What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Number A pronoun should agree in both number and gender with its antecedent. A word that refers to one thing is singular. A word that refers to more than one is plural. Singular Plural kittens kitten girls girl they it What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Number Use singular pronouns to refer to singular antecedents. Singular personal pronouns I me my, mine you you your, yours he, she, it him, her, it his, hers, its Singular antecedent Singular pronoun Peel the onion it. onionbefore beforeyou youchop chopit. it. What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Number Use plural pronouns to refer to plural antecedents. Plural personal pronouns we us our, ours you you your, yours they them their, theirs Plural antecedent Plural pronoun Wash andthen thenslice slicethem. them. Wash the the apples apples and them. What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Gender Some singular pronouns indicate gender. • Masculine pronouns refer to males. • Feminine pronouns refer to females. • Neuter pronouns refer to places, things, ideas, and animals. Masculine Feminine Neuter he she it him her it his her, hers its himself herself itself What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Gender Make sure a singular pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender. Masculine antecedent Masculine pronoun Feminine Roberto hasstudied, studied, sohe heis ready. Roberto so he isisready. ready. Feminine has antecedent pronoun Carla usually carries carries her herown ownbooks. books. Carla usually her own books. Neuter antecedent Neuter pronoun The canary issitting sittingon onits itsperch. perch. The canary canary is is sitting on its What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? On Your Own Complete each sentence by providing a pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. Then, identify the antecedent. 1. Ants sometimes make __________ home in your yard. 2. That plant needs water, or __________ will die. 3. Jerry lent __________ bike to Paul. 4. The captains of the teams accepted __________ awards. 5. My sister is smart, and __________ is also funny. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to a person or thing whose exact identity is unknown. • Some indefinite pronouns are singular. • Some are plural. • Some may be either singular or plural, depending on how they are used. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns are singular: Singular indefinite pronouns anybody either neither one anyone everybody nobody somebody anything everyone no one someone each everything nothing something Someone oncars the forgot his backpack. Each One of of the the ladies isboys’ missing leftteam herone notebook of its hubcaps. here. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns When you do not know the gender of the subject, or when the subject includes both males and females, you can use both the masculine and feminine pronouns connected by or. No one offered his or her help. Everybody in the play studied his or her lines. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns are plural: Plural indefinite pronouns both few many several Both of the soldiers respect their captain. Few of the dogs obeyed their owners. If several are ready, serve them. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns The following indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on how they are used: Singular or plural indefinite pronouns all more none any most some Singular Some of the music is good. Will you play it again? Some refers to the singular word music. The singular pronoun Plural it agrees with the singular antecedent some. Some of the songs are new. Have you heard them? Some refers to the plural word songs. The plural pronoun them agrees with the plural antecedent some. How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns On Your Own Most of the following sentences contain pronouns that do not agree with their antecedents. If a pronoun does not agree with its antecedent, provide the correct pronoun. If a sentence is already correct, label it C. 1. Several of the babies had special blankets with it. 2. I’ve read most of the book, and I have enjoyed it. 3. Only one of the girls had finished their homework. 4. Most of the players accepted his awards in person. 5. Someone left their backpack on the bus. [End of Section] How to fix problems in agreement Antecedents joined by or or nor Use a singular pronoun to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor. Ralph or Singular Carlos will display his paintings. Singular Singular Neither Elia Singular nor Mary brought her jacket. How to fix problems in agreement Antecedents joined by and Use a plural pronoun to refer to two or more antecedents joined by and. Tyrone and James are artists. They draw well. Antecedent 1 Both Max Antecedent 2 and Antecedent 1 Helen delivered their speeches. Antecedent 2 How to fix problems in agreement On Your Own Most of the following sentences contain pronouns that do not agree with their antecedents. If a pronoun does not agree with its antecedent, provide the correct pronoun. If a sentence is already correct, label it C. 1. Both Rick and Ned were pleased with their test results. 2. Can even a princess or a queen have their every wish? 3. If you get a red rose or a lily, it will look nice here. 4. My brother and my sister lent me her favorite videos. 5. Two cars and one truck had its lights on. [End of Section] Review A Complete the following sentences by providing pronouns that agree with their antecedents. 1. Frances or Donna will sing __________ favorite song. 2. Each of the mice has white markings on __________ back. 3. No one in the band forgot __________ sheet music. 4. Some of the customers complained that __________ food was cold. 5. When my aunt and uncle come to visit, I am going to show __________ the skate park. Review B Most of the following sentences contain errors in pronounantecedent agreement. Identify each error, and give the form of the pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. If a sentence is correct, label it C. 1. Somebody left the engine running in their car. 2. Several of the kittens are sick, but the veterinarian can help him or her. 3. Will either Hector or Kevin read his paper aloud? 4. Neither of the robins has their winter plumage. 5. Ted and his brother must have left. I don’t see him anywhere. [End of Section] The End