Download Noun - Amy Benjamin

I.
Cesar Chavez helped the farm workers.
He advocated for them. He did not
encourage violence. He led a boycott
instead of violence. The boycott was an
effective method of resistance. (30)
III.
Cesar Chavez, advocate for farm
workers, helped them not by
encouraging violence, but by leading
a boycott. The boycott was an effective
method of resistance.. (25)
II.
Cesar Chavez helped the farm workers,
and he advocated for them. He did not
encourage violence. He led a boycott
instead of violence, and the boycott
was an effective method of resistance.
(32)
IV.
Cesar Chavez, advocate for farm
workers, helped them not by
encouraging violence, but by leading
a boycott, which is an effective method
of resistance. (24)
Grammar is the most significant
determiner of sophisticated style.
1. Grammar is a system of making sentences out of parts.
The parts have to match (agree):
Number (singular or plural)
Gender (masculine, feminine, neutral)
Case (subjective, objective, possessive)
Tense (past, present, future)
2. Writers and speakers place the parts in a certain order
and that order affects the impact of the message.
3. The two main parts of language are nouns and verbs.
Everything else either modifies nouns or verbs or joins words,
phrases, and clauses.
What should the study of grammar accomplish?
1. Better communication between teachers and students
about language
2. Understanding the rhetorical effects of grammatical choices:
What can a sentence do?
How can I be in control of my sentences?
The Basics
Phrase Group of words, either noun + modifiers or
verb + modifiers; not both
Clause
A noun + verb unit that may or may not be
a sentence
Sentence An independent clause (noun + verb unit that
can stand alone)
Two kinds of words:
Form Class Words:
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Structure Class Words:
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Determiners (noun signals)
Pronouns
Can change form.
Can do each other’s jobs
sometimes.
Cannot change form.
We don’t get many new
ones.
We get new ones.
Kinds of Information
Noun Phrases:
Who?
What?
Adjective Structures
Which one?
What kind?
How many?
Verb structures:
What is its action?
What is its nature?
Adverb structures:
Where?
When?
Why?
In what manner?
How often?
Declarative
Can you put
It is true that….
in front of it?
Subject Wheel tells:
Who or what?
(or “I intend to prove that…”)
Predicate
Wheel tells:
What about it?
Complete
Sentence
Can you turn it into
a yes/no question?
Can you
add a “Stick-on” question?
Isn’t it?
Aren’t we?Don’t you?
etc.
The bicycle as a metaphor for what makes a complete sentence:
Subordinate (dependent)
clause is like a basket.
In can be placed in front,
in back, or in the middle
of the main clause.
From An Easy Guide to Writing by Pamela Dykstra (McGraw Hill)
A complete sentence can be turned
into a yes/no question:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
You used to work at Sears.
You’ve never worked at Sears.
I’ve seen you before.
That cute little light green house
with the dark green shutters in the
middle of town is for sale by owner.
Your cousins, the couple with the
triplets,
live in New Jersey.
You don’t live in New Jersey.
This is a great movie.
Ron Howard directs terrific movies.
All Americans of voting age should
vote.
When you used to work at Sears.
Because you used to work at
Sears
If all Americans of voting age
would vote.
A movie directed by Ron Howard.
Match the“Stick-On” Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
You used to work at Sears.
You’ve never worked at Sears.
I’ve seen you before.
That cute little light green house
with the dark green shutters in the
middle of town is for sale by owner.
Your cousins, the couple with the triplets,
live in New Jersey.
You don’t live in New Jersey.
This is a great movie.
Ron Howard directs terrific movies.
I think.
Therefore I am.
All Americans of voting age should vote.
Haven’t I?
Doesn’t he?
Aren’t I?
Didn’t you?
Don’t they?
Shouldn’t they?
Don’t I?
Isn’t it?
Isn’t it?
Do you?
Have you?
The sentence-making kit
Fold over index card:
Outside:
The four tests: It is true that….; bicycle (who or what? what about it?; Can you turn it into a
yes/no question; Can you add a “
Inside:
Useful Prepositions: in, on, at, for, with Coordinating conjunctions:
and, but, so
Semicolon
Common subordinating conjunctions:
aaawwubbis: after, as, although, while, when, until, before, because,
if, since
Conjunctive adverbs: however, moreover, therefore
Relative pronouns: that, who, whom, which, what, whatever, whoever,
etc.
See “Hitching Devices” visual.
Noun: Owner’s Manual
Congratulations on your wise purchase of a NOUN. Your NOUN may be
used to fit into the following frame:
The____________.
Your NOUN is used to name people, places, things, ideas, qualities, states of
mind, and all kinds of other things that need naming.
Your NOUN may be easily converted into an adjective. All you have to do is put
another NOUN after it and have it make sense. (COW pasture, for
example).
Your NOUN may be the kind of NOUN that can be made plural. Only NOUNS
may be made plural.
Your NOUN may be able to be made possessive by adding ‘s. Only NOUNS
may be made possessive. When you make your NOUN possessive, it
becomes an adjective.
You may add all kinds of modifiers before and after your NOUN. You may
replace your NOUN along with its modifiers with a pronoun.
Feel free to use your NOUN as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object
complement, object of a preposition, appositive, or predicate noun
Your noun may be called a nominal when we consider it together with its modifiers.
Noun phrase expansion
standing over the
fish bowl
the
pink
adventurous
adventurous
pink
IT
in the kitchen
Pronoun Case Teams:
Subjective Case:
Singular
Plural
I
We
You
You
He, She
They
It
Who
Objective Case: Possessive Case:
Singular
Plural
Me
Us
You
You
Him, Her
Them
It
Whom
1. Direct Object
1. Subject
2. Predicate Noun
(After to be)
Singular
Plural
My, Mine
Our, Ours
Your, Yours Your,Yours
His, Her,Hers Their, Theirs
Its
Whose
1. Preceding a noun*
to show ownership
2. Indirect Object
3. Object of a
Preposition
*including a gerund
Write your original sentence here:
Write your original
sentence here:
Write your revised sentence
(with appositive) here:
An appositive is a noun or
pronoun, along with its modifiers,
that renames the noun or pronoun
that precedes (or, sometimes,
follows) it. Appositives are set off
by commas.
Write your revised
sentence (with appositive)
here:
Adjective: Owner’s Manual
Congratulations on your wise purchase of an ADJECTIVE. Your ADJECTIVE may be
used to fit into the following frame:
The______________truck. Or The truck was very_________.
Your ADJECTIVE likes to answer the question What kind?
If your ADJECTIVE doesn’t fit into either of these frames, maybe it is the kind of
ADJECTIVE that answers the questions Which one? or How many?
Your ADJECTIVE may be capable of using the suffixes –er in the comparative form and –
est in the superlative form. (If your ADJECTIVE doesn’t like these suffixes, just use
more and most to accomplish comparison or superiority.)
Your ADJECTIVE reports to your NOUN, and your NOUN can easily become an
ADJECTIVE to another NOUN.
Often, groups of words decide to get together and do ADJECTIVE-like work. We call such
groups of words ADJECTIVALS, and they may be phrases or clauses that operate
just like ADJECTIVES, answering those questions that ADJECTIVES answer.
Verb: Owner’s Manual
Congratulations on your wise purchase of a VERB. Your VERB may be used to fit into the
following frame:
To______________.
Your VERB is the part of the sentence that is capable of turning the sentence into a
negative. It is also the part of the sentence that changes when you add yesterday or
right now. (If your sentence does not change when you add yesterday to it, then your
sentence is in the past tense. If your sentence does not change when you add right
now to it, then it is in the present tense.)
Your VERB may be an action verb or a linking verb. Action verbs may take direct objects
and are modified by adverbs. Linking verbs take predicate nouns and predicate
adjectives. You can easily find a list of linking verbs.
Your VERB may take auxiliaries (forms of have, be) and modal auxiliaries (could, should,
would, can, will, shall, may, might, must).
Your VERB sometimes uses a form of the word do to create a sentence, to emphasize, to
negate, or to stand in for itself, as in: Do you think so? Yes, I do.
Base form: walk, sing
Progressive form: walking, singing
Past form: walked, sang
Participial form: (have) walked, (have sung)
Verb Land, USA
Active Voice: I stole the cookie
from the cookie jar.
Passive Voice: The cookie was
stolen from the cookie jar by me.
(BE + Participial form= passive voice)
“Where We Find Out
the Action of Things”
ACTION TOWN
Verbals:
1. Participle: (acts as adjective)
ACTION verbs are modified by
adverbs:She sings happily.
the dancing bear;
the stolen cookie
2. Infinitive: (acts as noun)
Let us never fear to negotiate.
3. Gerund: (Acts as noun)
Teaching makes me happy.
ACTION verbs take objective case pronouns as objects:
We saw him steal the cookie from the cookie jar.
Auxiliaries:
Modal Auxiliaries:
Would Will
Have: creates
the perfect tenses Should Shall
Could
May
(has sung, etc.)
Can
Might
Be: creates the
Must
progressive tenses
(am singing, etc.)
Auxiliaries and
modal auxiliaries
combine with action
verbs to create various
tenses.
TO BE:
I am,was We are,were
You are
;were
He, she, it is They are,were
Sense Verbs:
feel, look, sound
smell, taste
Also: seem,
become, appear
grow
BE TOWN
“Where We Find Out the
Nature of Things”
BE verbs are completed by
adjectives: He is happy.
BE verbs take subjective case
pronouns as complements:
It was I who stole the cookie from
the cookie jar.
Adverb: Owner’s Manual
Congratulations on your wise purchase of an ADVERB. Your ADVERB is very
useful for answering one of the following questions:
When?
Where?
Why?
How often?
To what extent?
In what manner?
Often, groups of words decide to get together to do ADVERB-like work, and
when they do, we call these groups of words ADVERBIALS. ADVERBIALS
may be phrases or clauses that answer the questions that ADVERBS
answer..
Action verbs are modified by adverbs.
bouncy
shy
friendly
shyly
vivaciously
protectiveprotectively
Pepper is… recklessly
hungry
silly
Pepper behaves…
Pepper acts…cautiously
jovially
Pepper looks..l
Pepper seems…
Pepper became…
playfully playful
adventurously
curiously
Linking verbs are completed
by adjectives.
adventurous
curious
Linking verbs
tell the nature of
things.
Linking verbs: BE, + sense verbs: look, sound, smell, feel; seem verbs: seem appear,
become, grow
Morphology Chart
Noun:
The…
Verb:
They…
Adjective
Which one?
What kind?
How many?
The___truck
Adverb
Where? When?
Why? To what
extent? In what
manner?
Possessives
his books
Michael
Michael ‘s books
Possessives
his books
James
James ‘s books
OR: James’ books
Possessives
The boys
Their troubles
Their school
Their mother
Their mothers
The boys’ troubles; the boys’ school; the boys’ mother; the boys’ mothers
Possessives
The men
Their troubles
Their school
Their mother
Their mothers
The men’s troubles; the men’s school; the men’s mother; the men’s mothers
What is owned is in the backpack.
We use an apostrophe to put it in the backpack!
The “my” or “his” test:
My friend
borrowed his IPod.
Ichabod’s friend
borrowed Mortimer’s IPod.
Use the ‘s form any time you could substitute
the word “my” or “his” in the phrase.