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Noun-Person, Place, Thing, or Idea (Naming) Pronoun-Words that Substitute Nouns Verb-Words that do (action) or are (existence) Adjective-words that describe or modify a noun or a pronoun Adverb-words that modify a verb(manner, place, frequency, time, and purpose) Prepositions-describes a relationship between other words in a sentence Squirrel + verb + preposition + the tree. Squirrel + ran + toward/in front of + the tree. Conjunctions-words that join FANBOYS Interjections-words that exclaim, protest, or command Simple Sentence John hit the ball. Who or what=the Subject (Noun or Pronoun) Does, Did, or will Do –Predicate (verb) To what-The Direct Object Simple Sentence with No-Action Verbs Subject The pitch + was/is + a curve ball/in the catcher’s mitt. Subject + To Be + Other Stuff + Linking Verb+ Other Stuff John + feels/seems + nervous/a natural hitter. A compound sentence contains two independent clauses (sentences) joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Sentence+,+ The pitch is a curve ball, and it missed the catcher’s mitt. Sentence+;+ F.A.N.B.O.Y + Sentence Sentence The pitch is a curve ball; it missed the catcher’s mitt. A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as: as, because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. Subordinator Because Jack wanted to be chief, he created his own tribe. Sentence+ + Sentence+, + Sentence Subordinator + Sentence Jack wanted to be chief because he created his own tribe. Participles have three functions in sentences. They can be components of multipart verbs, or they can function as adjectives or nouns. Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that every verb has. Verb Simple Simple Past Present Present Past Participle Participle Giggle Giggle (s) Giggled Giggled Giggling Ring Ring (s) Rang Rung Ringing Bring Bring (s) Brought Brought Bringing Present will end in –ing Past will not always end in –ed. Consult a dictionary. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Interrupts Robbie, a the sentence hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket. Starts the sentence A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket. Ends the sentence Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket. An absolute phrase is a word group that modifies an entire sentence. It consists of a noun plus at least one other word, as shown here: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack. Their breaths were white in the frosty air. Turned into an absolute phrase simply by omitting the linking verb were. Ending a sentence: The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack, their breaths white in the frosty air. Beginning a sentence: Their breaths white in the frosty air, the hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack. "He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac." (Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957) A rhetorical term for a writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (the opposite of polysyndeton). Adjective: asyndetic. "He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him and folded it and carried it out to the grocery cart and packed it and came back with their plates and some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag and a plastic bottle of syrup." (Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006) A rhetorical term for a sentence style that employs many conjunctions (the opposite of asyndeton). Adjective: polysyndetic. Sentences in which the verb/adverb comes before the subject are “inverted”. This is done to put more emphasis on the verb/ adverb. “Judge me by my size, do you?…Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter.” Never before was I so eager to reach home. a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil. Prejudice & Justice in Twelve Angry Men Loneliness & Companionship in Of Mice and Men A motif is important because it allows one to see main points and themes that the author is trying to express, in order that one might be able to interpret the work more accurately. Is Are Was Were Be Being Been To be Verbs Obviously, being is essential to existence, so it’s no surprise that to be verbs are essential in writing. However, most of us rely too heavily on to be verbs or use them unconsciously. To be verbs lack the vigor and power offered by stronger, moreaction packed verbs. As a result, our writing suffers. Why? My sister is loud when she is telling her children to do their homework. Weak & Wordy My sister bellows when she tells her children to do their homework. Strong & Specific The restaurant’s food is excellent. Weak & Wordy The restaurant serves excellent food. Strong & Specific Jennifer Lawrence is the star of The Hunger Games. Our mother was the driver of the bus. Weak & Wordy Jennifer Lawrence stars in The Hunger Games. Our mother drove the bus. Strong & Specific My sister is loud when she is telling her children to do their homework. Weak & Wordy My sister bellows when tell her children to do their homework. Strong & Specific The food at the restaurant is excellent. The hamburgers are juicy. The onion rings are crispy. The pie is the best I have ever eaten. Weak & Wordy The restaurant serves excellent food, including juicy hamburgers, crispy onion rings, and the best pie I have ever eaten. Strong & Specific The restaurant’s parking lot is narrow. There are not very many parking spaces and those that are available are too cramped. Weak & Wordy The restaurant suffers from a narrow parking lot with only a few cramped spaces. Strong & Specific It is my intention to transfer to a fouryear university. There were some important findings resulting from this experiment. Weak & Wordy I intend to transfer to a four-year university. This experiment resulted in some important findings. Strong & Specific He struggled with the paper that was assigned by the professor. Weak & Wordy He struggled with the paper assigned by the professor. Strong & Specific Electric car technology was in existence as early as 1830. Negative advertising is influential on voters’ perceptions of candidates. I am in receipt of your letter. Weak & Wordy Electric car technology existed as early as 1830. Negative advertising influences voters’ perceptions of candidates. I have received your letter/ I received your letter. Strong & Specific The stock market was fluctuating wildly before the crash. The concept of immortality is intriguing to me. Weak & Wordy The stock market fluctuated wildly before the crash. The concept of immortality intrigues to me. Strong & Specific