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The Basics & Finding Subjects and Objects Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Linking Verbs, Prepositions, Subjects, & Objects What is a noun? • A noun NAMES a person place thing or idea. • Find the nouns in the following sentence: • 3:10 to Yuma is an exciting film with an unusual ending. • Nouns: 3:10 to Yuma, film, ending What is a Pronoun? • A pronoun replaces a noun or another pronoun. • Ex. he, she, it, their, one, that • He went to the party but left it early. • IMPORTANT: Nouns and Pronouns are ALWAYS either Subjects or Objects What are the two types of Proper Verbs? Active Verbs • Express actions • Ex. run, jump, laugh, think Linking Verbs • • • • express a state of being act like equal signs (=) 5 senses: look, sound, taste, feel, smell To be verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, will be What is a preposition? • A word that links an object to other words in the sentence using time and space. • Any word that can describe an object’s position in relation to a box. • On, in, around, above, below, beside inside… Special Prepositions • What if there is more than 1 box? • Between 2 boxes • Among 3 or more boxes • Uncommon Prepositions: like, unlike, except, about, as • Time Prepositions: before, after, during 9 Most Common Prepositions • On • In • Of • For • From • To • With • At • By Subjects and Objects • What is the subject of the following sentence? • One of the candidates running for the position of president of the United States is going to win. How to Find Objects • The first noun or pronoun after a preposition is an object. • The first noun or pronoun after a verb or verbal is an object. • Exception: The first noun or pronoun after a linking verb is not an object. How To Find the Subject of a Verb • Find the verb. • Find the 1st noun or pronoun before the verb. • Is that noun or pronoun an object? • No=subject • Yes=keep looking before for the next noun or pronoun • If you can’t find the subject before the verb, then it is always the first noun or pronoun after the verb. What are Verbals(Verb Forms)? • Verbals are words that look like verbs but ARE NOT verbs. Verb-ings • If there is a helping verb in front of a verbing = proper verb • Ex. I am running. • If the verb-ing describes a noun = adj = present participle • Ex. The running man is my favorite dance. • If the verb-ing names an action = noun = gerund • Ex. Running is my favorite thing to do. • Ex. I like running. Past Tense Verbs • If the past tense verb expresses an action = proper verb • Ex. I completed the test. • If the past tense verb describes a noun = adj = past participle • Ex. The completed test is 3 pages long. Infinitives • Infinitives = to verb • Adjectives • Adverbs • Nouns • Infinitives are NEVER PROPER VERBS!! • How can you tell when “to” is a preposition or an infinitive? • Look at what comes after it: • to noun = preposition • to verb = infinitive Verbals (Verb Forms) • Participles (Past and Present) • Gerunds • Infinitives Part Two: Why was all that basic stuff important? • Subject/Verb Agreement Subject/Verb Agreement • Singular Nouns= ( ) no “S” • Singular Verbs=(S) • The girl walks. • Plural Nouns= (S) • Plural Verbs=( ) • The girls walk. “I” • plural in the present tense • Except for “am” • Ex. I walk to the store. Walk w/ no “s” =plural • Singular in the past tense • I was at the store. Was=singular “You” • Always plural in both past and present tenses. • Ex. You walk to the store. • Ex. You were in class. Compound Subjects Connected w/ and • If the two nouns connected are two separate things = plural verb • If the two nouns connected comprise one idea = singular verb • Ex. Peanut butter and jelly is / are my favorite sandwich. • Ex. Peanut butter and jelly is / are what I need from the store. Compound Subjects Connected with nor, or, neither...nor, or either... or • The part of the subject closest to the verb determines if the verb is singular or plural. • Ex. Neither the strawberries nor the milk is/are spoiled. • Ex. Neither the milk nor the strawberries is/are spoiled. • My parents or I am/is/are going to fill out the paperwork. Other words that seem like connectors… • As well as, together with, and along with • These words seem like connectors but they are NOT; they all end with prepositions, so the first noun or pronoun after each of these is an OBJECT not part of the subject. • Ex. The girl along with her mother is/are going to the store. • The subject is “The girl” not “The girl along with her mother” The Following Words are ALWAYS SINGULAR • Each, One, Neither, Either Every Body One Thing Any “ “ “ Some “ “ “ No “ “ “ Try these… • • • • • • Neither of the girls was/were happy. Either of the cars is/are satisfactory. Each of the students was/were present. One of the students isn’t/aren’t present. Everyone is/are happy. Someone was/were in the room. One of many… • “One of many” when one is the subject =singular. • One of the dogs is/are brown. • One of the girls was/were on the team. • “One of many that, which, or who” =plural. • In this case, that, which, or who is the subject and refers to the many. • Ex. One of the dogs that is/are brown is sleeping. • Ex. She is one of the girls who is/are on the team. There and Here • There and Here are expletives: words that refer to a subject that comes AFTER the verb. • Look for the first noun or pronoun after the verb to determine if the verb should be singular or plural. • Ex. Here is/are your car keys. Vs. • Ex. Here is/are your key. Portion Words • When the subject of a sentence is a portion word (all, half, some, percent, none), look at what the portion word is referring to to determine if the verb should be singular or plural. • Ex. Half of the pie has/have been eaten. • Ex. Half of the pies has/have been eaten. Lump Sums vs. Individual Units • Lump Sums=Singular • Twenty dollars is the price of the item. • Individual Units=plural • Twenty dollar bills are spread on the table. Singular words that sound plural • School Subjects: Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language Arts • Ex. Physics is my favorite subject. • News • The news is always bad. Singular Words that Sound Plural and Require a Plural Verb • Glasses • Pants • Scissors • My glasses are broken • My pants have a hole in them. • Keep in mind that if you add “Pair of” before these words they are singular because “pair” is now the subject and pair singular. Basic Sentence Structure • Clauses and Phrases Clauses • A group of words with a subject/verb relationship. • There are two types of clauses: • Independent: can stand alone as a complete sentence. • Dependent: cannot stand alone because it has a dependent connector in front of it. Dependent Connectors • • • • • • • • • Although Though That Which Who/Whom Because When If Where • • • • • • • • Before After Why As Like Despite What How Examples • She is going to the park. • Independent Clause • Because she is going to the park • Dependent Clause • I went to the store. • Independent Clause • After I went to the movies • Dependent Clause Phrases • A group of words with NO subject/verb relationship • Purpose: to describe/modify • Ex. In 2006, the country… • Ex. After dinner, we… • Ex. The boy running down the street was… • Ex. One must have a business plan to run a company. A sentence must have… • An independent clause to be complete. • I went to the store. • Complete • Driving to the movies after dinner, when she saw an accident. • Fragment • Fragment: a sentence without an independent clause