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“The writer is an artist, painting images of life with specific and identifiable brush strokes.” “When an author lacks a visual eye, his or her writing has no heart and soul: images lie lifeless like cadavers in a morgue.” Harry Noden, Image Grammar • When learning to paint, the painter learns to focus on small pieces of an artwork, zooming in to examine the effect of the brushstrokes. The artist zooms in on the picture in order to study the brush strokes used to create the image. As writers, we must do the same thing. Compare the following images; the first written by a high school student, It was winter. Everything was frozen and white. Snow had fallen from the sky for days. The weather was horrible. the second by published novelist Brian Jacques. Mossflower lay deep in the grip of midwinter beneath a sky of leaden gray that showed tinges of scarlet and orange on the horizon. A cold mantle of snow draped the landscape, covering the flatlands to the west. Snow was everywhere, filling the ditches, drifting high against the hedgerows, making paths invisible, smoothing the contours of earth in its white embrace. The Five Basic Brush Strokes • Participle • Appositive Action Verb • Adjective • Absolute Out of Order ©2011 by Harry Noden from Image Grammar: Teaching Grammar as Part of the Writing Process, Second Edition. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Brush Strokes 7 The Core Sentence “The car chugged into the parking lot.” Participle Brush Stroke • A participle is an -ing verbal placed at the beginning or end of a complete sentence. Because it describes the subject, it functions as an adjective (not as a verb). • May also have an –ed ending. ©2011 by Harry Noden from Image Grammar: Teaching Grammar as Part of the Writing Process, Second Edition. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Brush Strokes 9 Participle Phrases • Sliding on the gravel, the car chugged into the parking lot. • Clunking, screeching and sputtering, the car chugged into the parking lot. Participles Painted by Students • Melody froze, dripping with sweat, hoping with all her might that they wouldn’t hear the noise. A beam of light swung out into the darkness, searching. --Becky Swab • Flying through the air on the wings of a dream, the Olympic long jumper thrust the weight of his whole body forward. --Cathleen Conry Step 1: Come up with the Core Sentence. Step 2: Add the Participle Brush Strokes. • Practicing intently, Jay knew he would someday entertain the masses. • Step One. Write your core sentence. • Step Two. Now add two participial phrases. Absolute Brush Stroke • An absolute is a combination of a noun followed by a participle. ©2011 by Harry Noden from Image Grammar: Teaching Grammar as Part of the Writing Process, Second Edition. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Brush Strokes 14 Absolute Brush Strokes Added • Engine smoking, gears grinding, the car chugged into the parking lot. • Bumper dragging, transmission leaking, the car chugged into the parking lot. • The car, engine wheezing, chugged into the parking lot. Absolutes Painted by Students • I glanced at my clock, digits glowing florescent blue in the inky darkness of my room. --Jenn Coppolo • Mind racing, anxiety overtaking, the diver peered once more at the specimen. --Erin Stralka Step 1: Come up with the Core Sentence. Step 2: Add the Particple Brush Stroke. • Jaws cracking, tongue curling, the kitten yawned tiredly, awaking from her nap. --Tara Tesmer An Appositive Brush Strokes Added • The car, a 1936 Ford, chugged into the parking lot. • The car, a graduation gift from my flighty Aunt Rita, chugged into the parking lot. Appositives Painted by Students • The volcano, a ravenous god of fire, spewed forth lava and ash across the mountain --Ben Quagliata • The waterfall, a tilted pitcher, poured the fresh, pure spray into the creek. The essence of natural beauty, tranquil and majestic, it seemed to enchant the forest with a mystical rush that echoed throughout the untouched virgin paradise. --Allie Archer Step 1: Come up with Core Sentence. Step 2: Add the Appositive Brush Strokes. • The sunset, a brilliant red, yellow, and orange abstract painting, illuminated the landscape. Adjectives Out of Order Brush Strokes Added • The car, dented and rusty, chugged into the parking lot. Painting with Adjectives Out of Order • “And then, suddenly, in the very dead of the night, there came a sound to my ears, clear, resonant, and unmistakable.” --Sir Arthur Conon Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles • “I could smell Mama, crisp and starched, plumping my pillow, and the cool muslin pillowcase touched both my ears as the back of my head sank into all those feathers.” --Robert Newton Peck, A Day No Pigs Would Die Adjectives Out of Order Painted by Students • The woman, old and wrinkled, smiled upon her newborn great-grandson with pride. --Stephanie Schwallie • The boxer, twisted and tormented, felt no compassion for his contender. --Chris Hloros • The cheetah, tired and hungry, stared at the gazelle, which would soon become his dinner. --Zach Vesoulis Step 1: Come up with Core Sentence. Step 2: Add Adjectives Out of Order • The student, pensive and gifted, envisioned the new direction for his artwork. • Step One: Write a core sentence. • Step Two: Add adjectives out of order. Active Verb Brush Stroke • The gravel road was on the left side of the barn. • The gravel road curled around the left side of the barn. • Can you see the difference? The verb was creates a still photograph. The verb curled creates a motion picture. ©2011 by Harry Noden from Image Grammar: Teaching Grammar as Part of the Writing Process, Second Edition. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Brush Strokes 28 Brush Stroking Active Verbs • The car chugged into the parking lot. Brush Stroking Active Verbs • Passive: The runaway horse was ridden into town by an old, white-whiskered rancher. • Active: The old, white-whiskered rancher rode the runaway horse into town. Prepositional Phrases • Group of words that show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. • About, above, according to, across, after, against, ahead of, along, alongside, along with, amid, around, as well as, at, before, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, but (except), concerning, despite, down, due to, during, except, for, from, in spite of, into, like, minus • Near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, plus, prior to, since, through, throughout, till, to, together with, toward, under, underneath, up, upon, until, via, with, within, without Rod Sterling's Sentence • Between the past and the future, between sanity and madness, between dreams and reality, lies the mystery of the 12 Monkeys. Above the ramp, beneath the vivid blue sky, in front of the building, on the sidelines . . . Using this image, create your own, original prepositional phrases.