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Lecture1
Sentence Structure
There two main points in this lecture:
1.1 Clause Elements (P15)
1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their
Transformation and Expansion (P20)
1.1 Clause elements
• A review on what is Clause:
The clause (the simple sentence) :
structurally a sequence of phrase
logically a construction of “subject +
predicate”.
1) Subject and predicate
• A full-fledged clause can generally be divided
into two parts: the subject and the
predicate.
Subject Predicate
Henry is the most studious (diligent) in the class.
All the men have done their best.
Mr. Carter will investigate further.
The subject:
• the topic or theme of the sentence, tells
of what the sentence is about (known
information).
• The subject is generally realized by a noun
phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase
The Predicate:
• says something about the subject and bears
the new information (the speaker or writer
wants to transmit to the listener or reader).
• The construction of the predicate, which is
more complicated, generally consists of a
verb phrase with or without complementation.
• Compound subject/ Compound
predicate/ Double predicate
2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis
1. To divide the predicate into predicate
verb, object, complement and adverbial.
These elements together with the subject
make the five clause elements.
Five Clause Elements
3. Object
1. Subject
﹢ 2. Predicate Verb
4. Complement
5. Adverbial
Predicate
2. To divide the predicate into two parts: the
operator and the predication.
– The operator is usually the auxiliary or the
first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase
– The predication comprises the main verb with
its complementation (object, complement or
adverbial).
1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their
Transformation and Expansion
• In terms of the different combinations of
clause elements, English clauses can be
classified into seven basic types.
• Innumerable authentic sentences are
structured on the basis of these clause
types.
1) Basic Clause Types
• The seven basic clause types are:
SV
SVC
SVA
SVO
SVOA
SVOC
SVoO
These seven combinations of clause elements
are wholly or largely determined by
the Main Verb in the clause.
SVC:
• The main verb in an SVC pattern is a
Linking / Copula Verb which must be
followed by a Subject Complement.
That car is mine.
She is in good health.
SV / SVA :
• The main verb in an SV pattern is an
Intransitive Verb which is not to be followed
by any obligatory element except for a
limited number of intransitive verbs which
require an obligatory Adverbial, thus
constituting the pattern SVA.
Every body laughed.
The children are sleeping.
I live in Beijing.
The train leaves at six.
SVO / SVOA :
• The main verb in an SVO pattern is a
Monotransitive which must be followed by an
object, and with some monotransitives the
object must be followed by an obligatory
adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVOA.
Nobody could answer the question.
Liverpool won the game.
I put the material evidence in front of her.
He treated her vilely.
SVoO:
• The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a
Ditransitive Verb which is to be followed by
two objects: Indirect and Direct Object.
Mary lent me her car.
I made myself a cup of tea.
SVOC:
• The main verb in an SVOC pattern is a
complex transitive verb which must be
followed by an object + object
complement.
We made him our spokesman.
They elected him president.
2) Transformation and Expansion
of Basic Clause Types
Ways of Transformation:
The basic clause types are
all affirmative statements with verbs in the
active voice.
Affirmative
Negative
Statement
Question
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Ways of Expansion:
1. adding modifiers at various levels
2. by coordination and subordination
Clause
Clause
﹢Modifiers
Clause
Compound Sen.
Complex Sen.
Compound Complex Sen.
When reports came into London Zoo that a
wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles
south of London, they were not taken
seriously, but, as the evidence began to
accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt
obliged to investigate, for the descriptions
given by people who claimed to have seen
the puma were extraordinarily similar.
• When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma
C1
C2
had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,
they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence
C4
C3
began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged
C5
to investigate, for the descriptions given by people
C6
who claimed to have seen the puma were
C7
extraordinarily similar.
When
C1 reports came into London Zoo
C2 a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London
C3
they were not taken seriously
C4 the evidence began to accumulate
C5 experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate
C6 the descriptions given by people were extraordinarily similar
C7 who claimed to have seen the puma
The Structure of Sentence 1
C2
Subordinate
C4
C1
Coordinate
C3
Subordinate
Subordinate
When
as
Subordinate
that
, for
C5
, but,
C6
Subordinate
C7
The Structure of Sentence 1
Coordinate
C3
C1
C2
C5
C4
C6
C7