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THE CASES NOMINATIVE • Subject of a sentence – Caecilius aquam bibit • Complement (i.e. used after a verb acting like an `equals’ sign) – Petrus est senātor • Singular and plural endings are: – – – – – 1st decl: - a and –ae 2nd decl: - us and –ī (neuter nouns: -um and -a) 3rd decl: - ?? and –ēs (neuter nouns: ? and –(i)a) 4th decl: - us and –ūs (neuter nouns: u and –ua) 5th decl: - ēs and –ēs VOCATIVE • Used for addressing someone and almost always exactly the same as the nominative except in the 2nd declension where e is used in the singular. The e is dropped after i. – Marce, ad fenestram ambulā – Iūlia, surge. – Caecilī, mēcum venī • The particle `ō’ is often placed in front (as in very formal English) – Ō Caesar, nōs servā! ACCUSATIVE • Used for the direct object of the verb – – – Servus aquam bibit. Mīles amīcum videt. Metella mercātōrem vocat. • Also for length of time or distance • (In poetry) Used with a participle or adjective to refer to the affected part of the thing or person described – – – • Paulus sex mēnsēs Romae habitāvit Quattuor chiliometra ambulāvimus Arbor tremefacta comam nūtat (`The tree, made to tremble in its foliage, sways’) Singular and plural endings – – – – – 1st decl: -am and -ās 2nd decl: -um and –ōs (neuter nouns: -um and -a) 3rd decl: –em and –ēs (neuter nouns: ?? and –(i)a) 4th decl: –um and –ūs (neuter nouns: u and –ua) 5th decl: –em and –ēs ACCUSATIVE (contd.) • For motion towards (normally with a preposition such as ad, but on its own with names of cities and small islands, and with rūs, domum) – – Ad urbem contendimus Rūs īre volumus GENITIVE • Showing possession – Grumiō est servus Caeciliī • Showing a relationship of part to whole – Sex amīcorum meōrum sunt in tabernā • In an adjective-noun phrase describing another noun – Maria est fēmina maximae sapientiae • Expressing value – Mihi tantī est (It is worth so much to me) • Singular and plural endings • • • • • 1st decl: -ae and -ārum 2nd decl: -ī and ōrum 3rd decl: -is and –(i)um 4th decl: -ūs and –uum 5th decl: -eī and -ērum DATIVE • Used for indirect object or person for whom something is done – Deīs multa dōna dedērunt – Metella Quīntō togam emit • Also used for a person affected or involved – Necesse est mihi cum Caesare manēre – Difficile est mercātōrī in vīllā dormīre – Tibi est puella laudanda. • Singular and plural endings – 1st decl: – 2nd decl: – 3rd decl: -ae and -īs -ō and -īs -ī and -ibus DATIVE (contd.) • Used with many verbs including especially verbs formed from a preposition plus simple verb (e.g. appropinquō (approach), crēdō (believe, trust), imperō (order), invideō (envy), parcō (spare), pāreō (obey), resistō (resist)). This is really a special case of the dative of involvement. – Graeciae appropinquābāmus – Nōlī Salviō crēdere! – Mīlitēs imperātōrī pārēre dēbent ABLATIVE • Used to indicate the accompanying circumstances of an action, including the starting point or location or the means of doing something. Often used with a preposition – – – – – Lupus in silvā habitat Marcus et Quīntus Graecum gladiīs pulsāvērunt Ab urbe discēdimus Quīntā hōrā cēnāmus Magnā cum diligentiā labōrāvit • Singular and plural endings – – – – – 1st decl: 2nd decl: 3rd decl: 4th decl: 5th decl: -ā and -īs -ō and -īs -e (less often –ī) and –ibus -ū and -ibus -ē and - ēbus USES OF ABLATIVE • Place where (with in, sub etc.) – in Britanniā in Britain • Accompaniment (with cum) – cum amīcīs meīs ambulābam I was walking with my friends • Personal agent (with ā/ab) – lūna ab mīlitibus vidētur The moon is seen by the soldiers • Place from which (with ā/ab, dē, ē/ex except with names of cities and small islands, rūre, domō) – Marcus ab urbe ad vīllam currit – Sextus Londiniō profectus est Marcus runs from the city to the villa Sextus set off from London USES OF ABLATIVE • Manner (indicating how something is done, usually, but not always, with cum) – magnā (cum) difficultāte with great difficulty • Separation (with or without ā/ab or ē/ex) – Rhēnus flūmen Gallōs (ā) Germānīs dīvidit The Rhine divides the Gauls from the Germans • Cause (= because of; with or without ā/ab, dē or ē/ex) – (ex) vulnere dolēbat He was in pain from his wound USES OF ABLATIVE • Time when – mēnse Septembrī ad scholam redībit In December he will return to school • Time within which – ad Centrālem decem minūtīs perveniēmus We will reach Central within ten minutes • Means (= by, with) – Mīles hostem gladiō vulnerāvit The soldier wounded the enemy with his sword USES OF ABLATIVE • Comparison – Rōma ōlim maior erat Londīniō Rome was once bigger than London • Degree of difference – Rōma ōlim multō maior erat Londīniō Rome was once much bigger than London • Description (in a noun-adjective phrase) – Erat vir magnā fortitūdine He was a man of great courage USES OF ABLATIVE • Respect (= according to, with regard to) – Meā sententiā, Graecī vincēbunt In my opinion, the Greeks will win • With some verbs (e.g. fruor (enjoy), potior (take posession), ūtor (use), careō (lack, be without), vescor (feed on)) – Fruēbāmur fēstō Nativitātis We were enjoying Christmas • Ablative absolute – Hostibus superātīs, ad castra revēnimus When the enemy had been defeated, we returned to camp – Iohanne canente, omnēs aurēs tēxērunt While John was singing, all covered their ears USES OF ABLATIVE • • With a number of adjectives (contentus, dignus, indignus, frētus (relying on), orbus (deprived of), praeditus (endowed with)): – Dēlectāmenta sunt pretiōsa sed digna pretiō – Contenta erat verbīs eius The pleasures are costly but worth the cost She was content with his words To express the price at which something was bought or sold etc. – Librum illum tribus sēstertiīs vēndidī I sold that book for three sesterces Fundum parvō [pretiō] ēmī I bought the farm at a low price LOCATIVE • This case is used only with names of cities and small islands and with the nouns domus (home), humus (ground) and rūs (coutryside) to indicate location: – Petrus Londiniī nātus est – Rūre habitāre iūcundum est – Multī philosophī Athēnīs discipulōs docent • Singular and plural endings – 1st decl: – 2nd decl: – 3rd decl: -ae and -īs -ī and -īs -e or –ī and –ibus