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Words that name: (a) People (b) Places (c) Things (d) Events (e) Ideas eg. Friends, Conrad eg. Hall, canteen eg. Tables, cakes, fishes eg. Meeting, discussion eg. Experiences They can also take: (a) –tion eg. Celebrate + -tion = celebration (Noun) (b) -ity eg. Electric + -ity = Electricity (Noun) (c) -ing eg. Read + -ing = Reading (Noun/verb) 1. Reading is my hobby. (Reading = Noun) 2. I was reading in the library (Reading = Verb) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Words that tells us: Action verbs = Run, jump, play, grow Mental verbs = Imagine, feel, know Sensing verbs (5 senses) = Hear, feel, touch Saying Verbs = Shout, scream, promise, yell Linking verbs (they are like equal signs) = is, become eg. She is pretty She = pretty 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. They can take: No suffix (base form): Run, Swim, Teach -ing (Continuous): Running, Swimming, Teaching -ed (past tense): Ran, Swam, Taught -s (singular/present tense): Runs, Swims, Teaches -ed/en (past participle): Had taken, had eaten, had given Words that describes NOUNS Therefore they describe people, places, things, ideas Eg. ‘Spongebob’ is an interesting cartoon Adjective Noun Why? Because ‘interesting’ describes ‘cartoon’ to us telling us more about ‘cartoon’. If ‘cartoon’ is a noun, and ‘interesting’ tells us about it, ‘interesting’ must have been an adjective, since an adjective describes a noun One way to test if a word is an adjective: The “very” test: 1. Add ‘Very’ to the front of the word Eg. A pretty girl A VERY pretty girl 2. If the word can be put together with “very” It is an ADJECTIVE 4. IF it cannot be put with ‘very’, it is a VERB Eg. She ran quickly She VERY ran quickly Words that replace nouns They are like general terms used to refer to nouns Eg. She, He, It, They, We, Them, Us They are used to help reduce repeats and make GOOD sentences. Sally loves to cook. Sally cooks three times a week Sally loves to cook. SHE cooks three times a week After ‘to’, NO suffixes (–ing, -ed, -s etc.) can be added to the following verb Conrad loves to play basketball Conrad loves to playing basketball Singular verbs are only used with singular subjects Eg. Sally is a pet lover Plural verbs are only used with plural subjects Eg. They are going to East Coast Park Read carefully before answering grammar questions!! Before answering the questions, check if it is in the past or present tense Eg. She _______ a movie yesterday when I called her. (a) (b) (c) (d) Was watching Is watching Was watched Has been watched The answer is (a). ‘Yesterday’ tells us it is a PAST event, thus past Tense. ‘When’ gives me a clue that the verb I should choose has -ing because it describes a continuous action. Then I ask myself, Who is doing the ‘watching’ action (Subject)? ‘She’ is, thus the subject. So the answer cannot be C or D because they describe Objects. For example, She ‘was watched by…’ This tells us that someone else is doing the watching, not ‘she’. Not all verbs take –ed when in their past tense form They are called IRREGULAR VERBS Eg. Run Ran (Not Runned) Eg. Drink Drank (Not Drinked) Eg. Swim Swam (Not Swimmed) Eg. Sing Sang (Not Singed) Eg. Fly Flew (Not Flyed) After can, could, shall, should, may, might, will, would, must The following VERB must NOT take suffixes This is the same rule as the ‘to’ rule You should wash the dishes after every meal You should washing the dishes after every meal Conrad will score well for his English exam Conrad will scored well for his English exam The ‘BE’ Verb rules - ‘BE’ verbs = is, are, was, were, be, been, being - After ‘BE’ verbs, the following VERBS can take: (a) –ed or –en eg. Was taken, were given, being eaten (b) –ing eg. are taking, is going, were eating Perfective ‘Have’ rules Perfective ‘Have’ = Have, has, had After Perfective ‘Have’, the following VERBS take –ed or –en suffix eg. Have eaten, had grown, has seen -en suffix eg. Spongbob’s pants has ripped -ed suffix Sometimes, a ‘BE’ verb can come after the perfective ‘Have’ Then, the verb AFTER the ‘BE’ verb can follow the ‘BE’ verb rules (-ing or –ed/-en) HAVE BEEN SLEEPING (Perfective ‘have’) HAS (Perfective ‘have’) (‘BE’ verb) BEEN (‘BE’ verb) (Verb + -ing) ROBBED (Verb + -ed)