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Transcript
10th Lesson By Christos N. Hadjichristidis Today’s Attractions “ὄφελον ψυχρὸς ἦς ἢ ζεστός. Οὕτως ὅτι χλιαρὸς εἶ, καὶ οὔτε ζεστὸς οὔτε ψυχρός, μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου.” (I would thou wert cold or hot. So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth ) ST. JOHN'S REVELATION - 3 Review of the Similarities & Differences between Greek and English Grammar. Put it all together! Review on Greek language basic features Asking what’s on the menu and ordering Greek food and drink Telling the time in Greek Asking about public transport, finding out travel times and checking travel details Watch a relevant movie in Greek Practise ordering Greek food & drinks at ‘Simply Greek’! Punctuation Greek mark English mark Full stop (τελεία) ‘.’ ‘,’ ‘·’ ‘.’ ‘,’ ‘;’ Colon (διπλή άνω και κάτω τελεία) ‘:’ ‘:’ Question mark (ερωτηματικό) ‘;’ ‘?’ Exclamation mark (θαυμαστικό) ‘!’ ‘!’ Parentheses (παρενθέσεις) ‘()’ ‘()’ Comma (κόμμα) Raised point semicolon (άνω τελεία) The stress-mark The stress mark (΄) is used, in every word with more than one syllable (with few exceptions), to show the primary or main stressed syllable in the word. Some simple rules: 1. The stress mark always falls on one of the vowels and never on a consonant 2. The stress mark is placed over the appropriate vowel if lowercase, and beside it if upper-case: ά but Ά, έ but Έ, ή but Ή, ί but Ί, ό but Ό, ύ but Ύ 3. If a word is entirely in upper-case letters, the stress accent is omitted altogether. However, if a word stars with upper-case letter and lower-case letters follow then a stressed mark is required i.e.: Έξοδος but ΕΞΟΔΟΣ (Exit) Be careful sometimes the meaning of otherwise identical words is determined the position of the stress-mark i.e.: Ο γέρος = The old man, but γερός = robust, able bodied Some useful observations In modern Greek all ο’s and ι’s have exactly the same pronunciation : Sound i as in o as in lot machine Letter Η η, Ι ι, Υ υ Ο ο, Ω ω • So why bother with so many different ο’s & ι’s ? Well this has not always been the case. Indeed, in Ancient Greek each letter was pronounced differently : ( η as the French ê in ‘tête’, υ as short French u in ‘lune’, while ω as aw in ‘saw’ or long o in ‘go’). In order to both preserve the beauty of the Greek Language and be able to trace modern words back to their ancient origins, we keep the different ι’s and ο’s even though we pronounce them in exactly the same way. Greek-English differences Consistency between spelling & pronunciation of the Greek letters. Contrary to popular belief Greek is not a difficult language to speak, particularly at the beginners level. Unlike English, the same letter or combination of letters, is pronounced in exactly the same way wherever it occurs. Two letter vowels (diphthongs) Letter Upper & lower case ΑΙ, αι ΕΙ, ει ΟΙ, οι ΟΥ, ου Name of letter Greek Transliteration άλφα – γιώτα έψιλονγιώτα όμικρονγιώτα όμικρονύψιλον Letter Sound Examples as in : álfa-yóta e set épsilon- ι/e yóta ómikron- i/e yóta ómikron- u/oo ípsilon machine/ these machine/ these put/soon Two letter vowels (diphthongs) Letter Upper & lower case ΑΥ, αυ ΑΥ, αυ ΕΥ, ευ ΕΥ, ευ Name of letter Greek άλφα – ύψιλον άλφα – ύψιλον έψιλονύψιλον έψιλονύψιλον Transliteration álfaípsilon álfaípsilon épsilonípsilon épsilonípsilon Letter Sound Examples as in : af, θ,κ,ξ av β,γ,δ, ef θ,κ,ξ ev β,γ,δ, after, π,σ,φ,χ,ψ avenue ζ,λ,μ,ν,ρ effort π,σ,φ,χ,ψ ever ζ,λ,μ,ν,ρ Double-vowels are pronounced separately if: A diaeresis diacritic (i.e.: “¨”) falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels (i.e.: γαϊδάρου “donkey” [gen.]). An accent falls upon the first of the two adjacent vowels (i.e.: γάιδαρος “donkey [nom]). However, if the accent falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced separately! (i.e.: καΐκι [wooden boat, ketch]). Let’s Practice – try to pronounce the following words Greek word Meaning ευτράπελος facetious Εύβοια ευφυής bright - clever θεϊκός divine γάιδαρος donkey παύω cease υιοθετώ adopt Transliteration Two-letters consonants (double sounds) Letter Upper & lower case γκ (γκρεμός Αγκάθι) Μπ (Μπαούλο Αμπέλι) ντ (ντύνω πέντε) Letter Transliteration Sound Name of letter Greek Examples as in : Γάμακάπα ghámakápa g/ ng go/ England μι – πι mi – pi b/ mp Boy/ amber νιταυ nitáf d/ nd day/ end Some useful observations In Greek a noun (i.e.: the word Canadian in the phrase I am Canadian) has to be written differently when it denotes different gender: – Είμαι Καναδός – I am Canadian (man) – Είμαι Καναδέζα – I am Canadian (woman) – That means that Greek nouns are inflected for gender In Greek a noun has to be written also differently when is being used as an object than as a subject: – Είμαι από τον Καναδά – I am from Canada – Ο Καναδάς είναι η πατρίδα μου – Canada is my homeland – That means that Greek nouns are inflected for case also In Greek a noun is almost always preceded by an article (the). The noun and the preceding article have to agree in gender, case and number. Differences between Greek-English languages continued.. In Greek almost all words within a noun phrase (noun, article, adjective, pronoun) are declinable in gender, number and case. In English this happens only with the pronouns! – She went to the store. The clerk greeted her and handed over a small package. The new camera was hers at last! Moreover, within a noun phrase all other declinable words must agree with the noun in gender, number and case. How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given Greek noun? Some tips: All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) end in “ς” Almost all feminine nouns end in either “α or η” Most neuter nouns end in “ο, ι, or μα” Of course, there are exceptions, and there are those words ending in “ος”, which can be of any gender. Differences between Greek- English The normal order of a sentence in Greek is like that in English: subject, verb, object. There is no special tendency as in Latin to put the verb at the end. However, Greek can vary the order for purposes of emphasis or euphony much more freely than in English. For example: Ο Χρήστος κυνηγάει τη Μαρία but also Tη Μαρία κυνηγάει ο Χρήστος. (Christos chases Mary). Thus, when you translate from Greek you have to concentrate at the case of the noun (illustrated by its inflectional ending) rather than its order within the sentence. Differences between Greek- English You will be pleased to know that to ask questions in Greek there are no changes in word order as in English , such as you are – are you?, or the addition of extra words (you love me – do you love me?). You just have to remember that the pitch of your voice goes up: – Eίσαι Ιρλανδός means you are Irish when the pitch of your voice goes down at the end and are you Irish? when the pitch of your voice goes up at the end Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns (I, you, he, they) are used to refer to the three grammatical persons and are also part of the English verbs since they define who is doing or receiving the action. Even though Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are normally left out and mostly used only for emphasis (i.e.: Εσύ, τι κάνεις εδώ; You [and nobody else!], what are you doing here;) Differences between Greek- English While in English the personal pronoun is always used together with the verb in order to distinguish the person that it is referring to, in Greek this is not necessary. The ending of the verb itself differs from the first person to the second and so on, and this indicates whether the speaker is referring to himself or herself, or to another person or persons: Sg. 1 είμαι I am 2 είσαι you are 3 είναι (s)he/it is Pl. 1 είμαστε we are 2 είστε 2 3 είσαστε είναι they are You are Asking for something in a shop Greek Τι θέλετε; Μπορώ να σας βοηθήσω; Ορίστε; Pronunciation English Ti thelete? Mporo na sas voithiso? Oriste? What do you want? Θέλω ένα/μία … Yes? thelo ena/mia .. I want a … Μήπως έχετε; Mipos echete Do you have? Ναι, έχουμε Ne, echoume Yes, we have Δυστυχώς μας τελείωσε/τελείωσαν THistichos, mas Can I help you? Unfortunately, we teliose/teliosan have not any/have sold out Saying how much you want Greek Πόσο/Πόσα θέλετε; Θέλω ένα κιλό ντομάτες Θέλω μισό κιλό φασολάκια Θέλω ένα τέταρτο ελιές Pronunciation Poso/Posa thelete; thelo ena kilo domates thelo miso kilo fasolakia thelo ena tetarto elies Θέλω τετρακόσια thelo tetrakosia πενήντα γραμμάρια peninda gramaria λεμόνια lemonia English How much/many do you want? I want a kilo of tomatoes I want half a kilo of green beans I want a quarter of a kilo of olives I want 450g of lemons Saying how much you want … Greek Pronunciation English Θέλω … thelo… I want … ένα πακέτο μπισκότα/ βούτυρο μία φραντζόλα ψωμί ένα κομμάτι τυρί ena paketo biskota/ vutiro (vootiro) mia frantzola psomi ena komati tiri Ένα μπουκάλι νερό ena bukali ένα βάζο μέλι (bookali) nero ena bazo meli a packet of biscuits/ butter a loaf of bread a piece of cheese a bottle of water a jar of honey Asking how much it costs? Πόσο κάνει /κοστίζει αυτό; (poso kani/ kostizi afto?) – How much is it? Κάνει / κοστίζει 6 ευρώ (kani exi evro) – It’s 6 euros Πόσο κάνουν(ε) / κοστίζουν αυτά (poso kanune/ kostizoon afta?) – How much are they? Κάνουν(ε) / κοστίζουν 8 ευρώ και 50 λεπτά (kanune ochto evro ke peninda lepta) – They are 8 euros and 50. Money matters! Greek Τα χρήματα / λεφτά English Money Το ευρώ Pronunciation Ta chrimata / lefta To evro Το λεπτό To lepto Cent Τα κέρματα Τα χαρτονομίσματα Τα ψιλά / ρέστα Ta kermata Ta chartonomismata Ta psila / resta Coins Paper money Euro* Change * The current (20/06/2005) exchange rate is 1.00 EUR = 0.667 GBP or 1 GBP = 1.499 EUR Telling the time in Greek Telling the time is not difficult. You just have to remember that in Greek we put first the hour and then the minutes: – ten (minutes) past five – Πέντε και δέκα (λεπτά) When telling the time, the numbers 1,3,4 change to: 1-> μία, 3 -> τρεις, 4 -> τέσσερις Essential ‘telling the time’ Vocabulary πέντε 5 ώρα hour δέκα 10 ώρες hours είκοσι 20 λεπτό minute είκοσι πέντε 25 λεπτά minutes και past πμ am παρά to μμ pm και τέταρτο quarter past ακριβώς exactly/sharp παρά τέταρτο quarter to νωρίς early και μισή αργά late half past Asking for the time Greek Transliteration English Τι ώρα είναι; ti ora ine? What time is it? Έχετε ώρα; echete ora? Do you have the time? Μπορείτε να μου πείτε την ώρα; mporite na mu pite tin ora? Can you tell me the time? Ξέρετε τι ώρα είναι; xerete ti ora ine Do you know what time is it? Καλό ταξίδι (Bon voyage) – Means of transportation Greek Tο καράβι Το αεροπλάνο Pronunciation To karavi To aeroplano English The boat The aeroplane Το τραίνο To treno The train Το λεωφορείο Το πούλμαν To leoforeeo The bus The coach Το δελφίνι Το εισιτήριο Απλό/με επιστροφή “Flying dolphin” To THelfini To isitirio The ticket Aplo / me epistrofi Single / return To pulman/poolman Finding out travel times Greek Pronunciation English Τι ώρα φεύγει το λεωφορείο; Το λεωφορείο φεύγει στις έξι το πρωί / σε μία ώρα Πόση ώρα διαρκεί το ταξίδι; Ti ora fevgi to leoforeeo What time does the bus lives? To leoforeeo fevgi stis The bus leaves at 6 eksi / se mia ora in the morning/ in one hour Posi oraTHiarki to How long does the taksiTHi journey take? (Το ταξίδι) διαρκεί τρεις ώρες Τι ώρα φτάνει το καράβι; Το καράβι φτάνει στις επτά το βράδυ (To taksiTHi) THiarki tris ores Ti ora ftani to karavi? to karavi ftani stis epta It takes 3 hours What time does the boat arrive? The boat arrives at 7 in the evening Buying Tickets Greek Pronunciation English Πότε φεύγει το καράβι για την Τζιά; Φεύγει (για την Τζιά) στις δέκα το πρωί Θέλω ένα εισιτήριο παρακαλώ Pote fevgi to karavi gia thn Tzia? Fevgi (gia tin Tzia) stis THeka to proi Thelo ena isitirio parakalo When does the boat for Tzia leave? It leaves (for Tzia) at 10 in the morning I want one ticket please Απλό ή με επιστροφή? Με επιστροφή παρακαλώ. Πόσο κάνει; Είκοσι ευρώ. Ορίστε Aplo i me epistrofi Single or return? Me epistrofi parakalo. Poso kanei? Return please. How much is it? Ikosi evro. Oriste €20. Here you are Learner A gives the prompts by starting the dialogue and learner B has to choose which of the responses on his/her card is appropriate. € 35 Καλή όρεξη The waiter might say: Greek Pronunciation English Τι θέλετε; Ti thelete? What do you want? Τι θα πάρετε Ti tha parete? Παρακαλώ Ορίστε; Τι θα φάτε; Τι θα πιείτε; Parakalo? Oriste? Ti tha fate What will you take? Please? Yes? What will you eat? Ti tha pyeete What will you drink? Καλή όρεξη You might say: Greek Pronunciation English Θέλω Θέλουμε Θα πάρω Θα πάρουμε Τον κατάλογο παρακαλώ Thelo Theloumay Tha paro Tha paroumay Ton katalogo parakalo I want We want Τι έχετε; Μήπως έχετε; Ti echete? What do you have? Mipos echete? I wonder if you have? I will take We will take The menu please Places to eat Greek Pronunciation English Ταβέρνα Εστιατόριο Ψαροταβέρνα Taverna Estiatorio Psarotaverna Ψησταριά Psistaria Grills mezeTHopolio Tavern offering a Μεζεδοπωλείο Tavern Restaurant Fish tavern plethora of appetizers Understanding a Greek menu Greek Pronunciation English Ορεκτικά Orektika Starters Της ώρας Ψητά Σαλάτες Ths oras Dishes cooked to order Psita Κρασάτ-ος(-η,-ο) Grills Salates Salads Glika Desserts Vrast-os(i,o) Boiled Tiganitos(i,o) Fried Krasat-os(i,o) In wine Γεμιστ-ός(-ή,-ό) Gemistos(i,o) Stuffed Στο φούρνο Sto fourno Γλυκά Βραστ-ός(-ή,-ό) Τηγανιτ-ός(-ή,-ό) Baked Ορεκτικά Greek Τζατζίκι Pronunciation tzatziki English Yoghurt-cucumber dip Ταραμοσαλάτα taramosalata taramasalata Μελιτζανοσαλάτα melitzanosalata Aubergine dip Καλαμαράκια Kalamarakia Squid Φέτα Feta Feta cheese Σαγανάκι Saganaki Fried cheese Γαρίδες σαγανάκι gariTHes saganaki Fried shrimps Ορεκτικά Greek Pronunciation English ντολμάδες dolmaTHes Λουκάνικο χωριάτικο Loukaniko choriatiko Γίγαντες Gigantes Beans (big) Μελιτζάνες τηγανιτές Melitzanes gemistes Fried aubergine Πατάτες τηγανιτές Patates tiganites French fries Ποικιλία Pikilia Assorted appetizers Rice or rice and minced meat wrapped in vine leaves Spiced sausage Της Ώρας Greek Μπριζόλα (μοσχαρίσια/χοιρινή) Σουβλάκια Pronunciation English Steak (veal, pork) Brizola (moscharisia/ chirini) Souvlakia Chunks of pork on a skewer Κεφτέδες KefteTHes Grilled meat balls Λουκάνικα Loukanika Sausages Παϊδάκια PaiTHakia Lamb chops Κιμάδες (minced meat dishes) Greek Pronunciation Μουσακάς Mousakas Παστίτσιο Pastitsio Μακαρόνια με κιμά Makaronia me kima Ντομάτες γεμιστές Domates gemistes Πιπεριές γεμιστές Piperies gemistes English Layers of aubergine, potatoes and minced meat topped with béchamel sauce As above but with spaghetti instead of aubergine Spaghetti with mince Tomatoes stuffed with rice and minced meat Green peppers stuffed with rice and minced meat Σαλάτες Greek Χωριάτικη σαλάτα Pronunciation English Greek salad (lit: villager’s salad) Λάχανο Choriatiki salata Lachano Μαρούλι Marouli Lettuce Αγγούρι Angouri Cucumber Τονοσαλάτα Tonosalata Tuna salad Εποχής Epochis Season Salad Cabbage Try to repeat and translate the following dialogue Waiter: Καλημέρα σας You: Γεια σας. Τον κατάλογο παρακαλώ Waiter: Ορίστε. Τι θα πιείτε; You: Ένα μπουκάλι κόκκινο κρασί, δυο μπύρες, ένα καραφάκι ούζο και ένα μπουκάλι εμφιαλωμένο νερό παρακαλώ. Waiter:Μάλιστα, τι θα φάτε; You: Μία τονοσαλάτα, ένα μουσακά, μία γίγαντες και δύο σουβλάκια παρακαλώ Waiter:Αμέσως ………….. Ορίστε, καλή όρεξη …….. After the meal …….. You: Να σας πληρώσω; Waiter:Μάλιστα. Πενήντα τέσσερα ευρώ παρακαλώ You: Ορίστε εξήντα. Κρατήστε τα ρέστα. ‘Ήταν πολύ νόστιμα Waiter:Σας ευχαριστώ πολύ. Γεια σας.
