* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lesson 1
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic nouns and adjectives wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Literary Welsh morphology wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian declension wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’s Biblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009) Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html The Hebrew Café Slide 2 thehebrewcafe.com/forum • What are the three “inseparable prepositions” and what do they mean? • Translate the following words or phrases into Hebrew: - The king. -There is no king in land. -The slave. -There is no slave in the house. -The way. -There is no way to Israel. -The house. -The king came out ( )יָ ָצאfrom the house.. -The slave. -The slave is the same as the king. • The main issues in lesson 3 dealt with the definite article, the three inseparable prepositions and the preposition ִמןand how each is pointed (vocalized) when they come into contact with a noun. • This will all get much clearer as you get experience reading text. The Hebrew Café Slide 3 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The Hebrew Café Slide 4 thehebrewcafe.com/forum In English, we say that a noun is a person, place, thing or idea. Thus, “friend” is a noun, since it is a person; “school” is a noun, since it is a place; “pencil” is a noun, since it is a thing; and, “attention” is a noun, since it is an idea. Generally, nouns in English are made plural by adding –s or –es to the end of the word. Thus, we have dog-dogs, boy-boys, friend-friends and lady-ladies. There are irregular plurals in English, such as woman-women and childchildren. Possession is shown regularly by adding ’s to singular nouns (my friend’s house) and just ’ to plural nouns (my friends’ house). Possessives are always placed before the head of noun phrases in English. The Hebrew Café Slide 5 thehebrewcafe.com/forum In Hebrew, by comparison, nouns are again representative of persons, places, things and ideas. ( ֶֶ֫מ ֶלְךking) is a noun. ( ָש ֶ֫מיִ םheaven) is a noun. ( ִשירsong/poem) is a noun. And, ( א ֲה ָבהlove) is a noun. All nouns in Hebrew are either masculine or feminine in gender. Even nouns that don’t have gender in English do in Hebrew. For example, “table,” “throne” and “day” are masculine, while “land,” “ground” and “commandment” are feminine. There’s no real reason behind how the language decides what is masculine and feminine, but there are signs in the words themselves to indicate whether they are masculine or feminine (most of the time). The Hebrew Café Slide 6 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Hebrew grammar books generally say that masculine nouns are unmarked in the singular (they have no ending – just the root letters) and are marked with ִִיםin the plural, while feminine nouns end in either הor תand are marked with ֹותin the plural. Examples of this are: ֶֶ֫י ֶלדִ– יְ ָל ִדים ֶֶ֫כ ֶלבִ– ְכ ָל ִבים ֶֶ֫מ ֶלְךִ– ְמ ָל ִכים boy dog (m.) king י ְל ָדהִ– יְ ָלדֹות כ ְל ָבהִ– ְכ ָלבֹות מ ְל ָכהִ– ְמ ָלכֹות girl dog (f.) queen ִָד ָברִ– ְד ָב ִרים word, message ִסּוסהִ– סּוסֹות ָ ִמ ְלכּותִ– מ ְל ֻכּיֹות mare kingship The Hebrew Café Slide 7 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The fact is, though, that “exceptions” make up about 30% of the cases. So, really, a masculine noun can have a feminine-looking plural ( ָאבֹות-ָאב – father). All of these words are masculine. Notice the “feminine” ending. ִִכ ֵּסאִ– ִכ ְסאֹות chair, throne ֲִחלֹוםִ– ֲחלֹומֹותִ ָחלֹוןִ– ֲחלֹונֹות window dream ִֻש ְל ָחןִ– ֻש ְל ָחנֹות ִָאבִ– ָאבֹות table father These nouns are feminine with “masculine” endings: ִעירִ– ָע ִרים ָשנָ הִ– ָשנִ ים ִמ ָלהִ– ִמ ִלים city year word The Hebrew Café Slide 8 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Body parts are generally unmarked but are feminine. כףִיָ ד ֶ֫אזֶ ן ָפנִ ים ֶ ֶ֫רגֶ ל ֶ֫עיִ ן יָ ד hand ear face leg eye hand A few exceptions to this are: אף ֵּש ָער ע ִ זְ ר nose hair upper arm This should cover everything that we need to know about Hebrew nouns at this point. Notice that we have not yet mentioned anything about possession in Hebrew. This is being saved for later, since it will take some explanation of its own. The Hebrew Café Slide 9 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The Hebrew Café Slide 10 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Verbs – Definitions • Hebrew verbs (just like nouns) are regularly built on three-letter (“triliteral” or “triconsonantal”) roots. This is called the shoresh. • The root ך-ל- מcan be arranged in many different ways: )*מ ֶלְךִ(מ ְל ְִכ ִֶֶ֫ מ ְל ָכה מ ְלכּות מ ְמ ָל ָכה ָמלְך ִה ְמ ִליְך [noun] king [noun] queen [noun] kingship, reign [noun] kingdom [verb] he was king, reigned [verb] he made X king, caused X to reign The Hebrew Café Slide 11 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Verbs (cont.) • So, the root of a word refers to the three letters that make up the underlying idea behind it. With our previous example, the root memlamed-kaf (ך-ל- )מis associated with kingliness or royalty. The root shinkuf-resh (ר-ק-)ש, however, is associated with deception and falsehood. We have ש ֶקר ִֶֶ֫ (“lie, falsehood”) and “( ִש ֵּקרhe lied”) associated with it. • The binyan (Hebrew, “ ִבנְ יָ ןstructure” from the root ה-נ- בassociated with building) of a verb is the pattern that it falls into. There are seven regular binyanim that we will learn as well as some offshoots of them. For example, “ ָמלְךhe reigned” is in the binyan kal (the “simple” binyan – since it is based on the root letters without any additions) while “ ִה ְמ ִליְךhe caused X to reign” is in the binyan hiphil (which is causative). In the meantime, we’re learning only the binyan kal. The Hebrew Café Slide 12 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Verbs (cont.) • Tense generally refers to time reference, either past, present or future. English has all three tenses in various forms. Biblical Hebrew (as opposed to modern Hebrew) does not have any tenses. When we speak of verb forms in biblical Hebrew, we need to speak of aspect rather than tense. • There are two aspects of the verb in Hebrew – perfect and imperfect. • The perfect is generally associated with the past tense when it stands alone. From this aspect, we see the action as a whole event. We look at it from outside as if it’s complete (“perfect”). • Alternatively, the imperfect is generally associated with the future tense. From this aspect, we see the events unfolding around us, as incomplete. The Hebrew Café Slide 13 thehebrewcafe.com/forum Verbs (cont.) • Hebrew also has what has come to refer to the “present tense” in modern thinking. It is far less frequent than either of the two finite verb paradigms. We tend to call it an “active participle” and translate it either with the present tense or with –ing . • For the moment, we are going to look only at part of the perfect. Specifically, we’re going to learn the singular forms. • Number is either singular or plural. It matches the subject of the sentence. • Gender in verbs can be masculine, feminine or common (either for men or women). • Person can be either first (the one speaking), second (the one spoken to) or third (the one spoken about). The Hebrew Café Slide 14 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The Hebrew Café Slide 15 thehebrewcafe.com/forum )ָפ ֶ֫ק ְד ִתיִ( ִתי ‘I attended’ (1CS) )ת ְִ (ִָפ ֶ֫ק ְד ְת )ת ִָ (ִָפ ֶ֫ק ְד ָת ‘you attended’ (2FS) ‘you attended’ (2MS) )ָ ָּֽפ ְק ָדהִ ִ(ָה )-(ִָפקד ‘she attended’ (3FS) ‘he attended’ (3MS) The Hebrew Café Slide 16 thehebrewcafe.com/forum )ָש ֶ֫מ ְר ִתיִ( ִתי ‘I kept’ (1CS) )ת ְִ (ִָש ֶ֫מ ְר ְת )ת ִָ (ִָש ֶ֫מ ְר ָת ‘you kept’ (2FS) ‘you kept’ (2MS) )ָ ָּֽש ְמ ָרהִ ִ(ָה )-(ִָשמר ‘she kept’ (3FS) ‘he kept’ (3MS) The Hebrew Café Slide 17 thehebrewcafe.com/forum )ָה ֶ֫ל ְכ ִתיִ( ִתי ‘I went’ (1CS) )ת ְִ (ִָה ֶ֫ל ְכ ְת )ת ִָ (ִָה ֶ֫ל ְכ ָת ‘you went’ (2FS) ‘you went’ (2MS) )ָ ָּֽה ְל ָכהִ ִ(ָה )-(ִָהלְך ‘she went’ (3FS) ‘he went’ (3MS) The Hebrew Café Slide 18 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The Hebrew Café Slide 19 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The fourth lesson’s goals are basically as follows: • Basic noun concepts: There are masculine and feminine nouns. Masculines are generally unmarked in the singular and -im in the plural. Feminines end in heh or tav and have -ot in the plural. • Basic verb concepts: Person = 1, 2 or 3. Gender = M or F. Number = S, P or C. Binyan = structure (for now, kal is all we’re learning) Aspect = PERFECT or IMPERFECT. • How to conjugate a verb in binyan kal in the singular. The Hebrew Café Slide 20 thehebrewcafe.com/forum The Hebrew Café thehebrewcafe.com/forum Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’s Biblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009) Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html