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Nouns A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea Common Noun-GENERAL noun Example-boy, state, capital Proper Noun-SPECIFIC noun Example-Justin, Colorado, Denver Possessive nouns show ownership Singular nouns-add ‘s Plural nouns that do end in s-add’ Plural nouns that do NOT end in s-add ‘s Plural Noun-more than one Pronouns Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or another pronoun Antecedent is what the pronoun took place of Personal Pronouns Singular Plural Subject Object Possessive 1. I 2. You 3. She 4. He 5. Who 1. Me 2. You 3. him 4. her 5. it 6. Whom 1. we 2. you 3. they 1. us 2. you 3. them 1. my 2. mine 3. your 4. yours 5. his 6. hers 7. her 8. its 1. our 2. ours 3. your 4. yours 5. their 6. theirs Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronoun is a pronoun that does NOT refer to a particular person or thing=VAGUE Singular Indefinite Pronouns Another each Anybody either Anyone everybody Anything everyone Plural Indefinite Pronouns Both Few Many Several Others everything neither nobody no one one somebody someone something Indefinite Pronouns that can be BOTH singular and plural All none any most some Preposition A preposition is a word that relates its object to another word in the sentence. OR A preposition is a word that indicates position, direction, or time. –shows relationship The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition. A prepositional phrase is a group of words in a sentence beginning with the preposition and ending with the object of the preposition. Prepositional phrases may also contain modifiers of the object. A preposition can be taken out of a sentence and the sentence will still make sense. Neither a subject nor a verb will be in a prepositional phrase. Prepositions Continued about behind from on toward above below in on top of under across beneath in front of onto underneath after beside inside out of until against between instead of outside up along by into over upon among down like past with around during near since within at except of through without before for off to As Verbs Action Verb-something you do Linking Verb-connects the subject to the predicate Helping Verb-is a linking verb paired with another verb (at least two verbs usually in a row) Another name for a helping verb is a verb phrase Would, should, could always helping verbs Words that can be either linking or action (apply to senses) Feel remain smell Look touch sound Appear become stay Taste grow turn Help in finding verbs: Take out prepositional phrases Ask what or who the sentence is about? What did that who or what do? Look for the words that are always verbs Words that are always verbs! Am Has Do be Is are Have had does did Was were Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns Another word for modify is describe Adjectives answer: What kind? Which one? How much/many? Comparative Adjectives compare two things and use –er or more. Superlative Adjectives compare more than two and use –est or most. Adverbs Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and adverbs Adverbs answer: When? How? Where? What extent? A helpful hint is that many adverbs end in –ly Sentence Types Clause-a group of words Independent clause-a group of words that CAN stand alone Dependent-a group of words that CAN NOT stand alone Simple sentence-one independent clause (A subject and a predicate) S=I Compound sentence-is two simple sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions or a semicolon C=I+I.. Complex Sentence-is a independent and dependent clause Cx=I+D… Compound/Complex Sentence C+C+I.. Coordinating Conjunctions F-for A-and N-nor B-but O-or Y-yet S-so Subordinating Conjunctions Usually the dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction After as though since Although because so that As before than As if how though As long as if unless As soon as in order that until That which who when whenever where wherever whether while