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CHAPTER 6
The Passive
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Passive Voice is used when:
 It is not necessary to mention the doer of an action.
E.g. Rice is grown in India.
 We don’t know who did the action.
E.g. Hamlet was written in 16th century.
 We have forgotten who did the action.
E.g. Kardan was established in 2002.
 Subject of active voice is people, someone or indefinite
pronoun etc.
E.g. Someone killed him last night. He was killed last
night.
 We are more interested in the action than the person
who did it.
E.g. Nokia Mobiles are made in Hungary.

To add beauty or the variety to your speech.
E.g. Taj was erected beautifully.

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Voice is the form of the verb in which the
subject affects something or is affected by
something.
1.
If the subject affects something, it is called
active voice.
E.g. I paint the walls.
2.
If the object is affected by something, it is
called passive voice.
E.g. The walls are painted.
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1.Act: I
write
subj. V(1st)
Obj
2.Act: I
wrote
subj. V(2nd )
3.Act: I
am
subj. H.V
1.
2.
3.
4.
a letter.
a letter.
Obj
writing a letter.
V(1st +ing) obj.
P: A letter
object
P: A letter
obj
is
written
Aux (1st)
was
Aux (2nd )
P: A letter
is
Obj given H.V
being
by
V (3rd)
written
V (3rd)
written
Aux(1st +ing)V(3rd)
me.
subj
by
me.
subj
by
me.
subj
Exchange of Positions of Subject and Object
Use of 3rd form of Verb
Use of “ by”
Use of Appropriate Auxiliary Verb
3 forms of Auxiliaries in case of Active/Passive Voice
1st
2nd
3rd
Is, Am, Are, Be
Was/were
Been
Formula: Verb (1st form) in Act Voice- Aux. Verb (1st form) in Passive voice
Verb (2nd form) in Act Voice- Aux. Verb (2nd form) in Passive voice
Verb (3rd form) in Act Voice- Aux. Verb (3rd form) in Passive voice
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1. They have arrested him for shoplifting.
He has been arrested for shoplifting.
2. People in Chile speak Spanish.
Spanish is spoken in Chile.
3. They are fixing your car now.
Your car is being fixed now.
4. Solar power drives this car.
This car is driven by solar power.
5. The Chinese invented paper.
Paper was invented by the Chinese.
6. They do not sell stamps in bookshops.
Stamps are not sold in bookshops.
7. Somebody will tell you where to go.
You will be told where to go.
8. Philip Kotler wrote the marketing management
book.
The marketing management book was written by Philip Kotler.
9. The company has imported new computers from
Japan.
New computers have been imported by the company from Japan
10. The personnel manager is still considering your
application.
Your application is still being considered by the personnel manager.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use [Be + 3rd (v)] structure for all passive
sentences.
Find the object of the active sentence and bring
it (along its modifiers) to the beginning as the
subject of the passive.
Move the subject of active sentence to the end
and put it as the complement of (By).
Only change the (To Be) according to the main
verb form of the active voice. (Page 120)
Do not change the position of adverbs.
Do not convert to passive if the verb is intransitive.
(Varied Extensive Class practice)
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7.
For imperative sentences use: Let + sub +
be + 3rd (V). (LOB3 formula)
Do it (active). Let it be done (passive)
(Varied Extensive Class practice)
7.
8.
Do not change the Perfect Progressive
tenses to passive.
If a verb contains two objects (Direct & Indirect).
Make one passive each.
I wrote a letter to Ali.
A letter was written to Ali.
Ali was written a letter.
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Transitive verbs need to take object
whereas Intransitive don’t.
E.g. I sold my car. ( sell= Transitive verb)
I sleep late at night. ( sleep= Intransitive verb)
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
By Phrase is called the agent of the passive
sentence. Most passive S’s do not have “by
phrase”. It’s only used when we want to know
who performs the action.
E.g. Ford Motors are made in America.
Class practice
This car is painted by my friend.
 We usually don’t use by phrase when the subject is
people and someone.
E.g. People speak Uzbaki in Mazar e Shareef.
Uzbaki is spoken in Mazar-e-Shareef.
E.g. Someone stole my purse. My purse was stolen.
Class practice
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We use:
O+ Be + Being + 3rd (v)
E.g. The police are investigating the criminals.
The criminals are being investigated.
The criminals were being investigated.
Note: We only use passive in simple progressive tenses not in
the perfect progressive.
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We use:
O+ Mod. Aux. V + Be + 3rd (V)
E.g. They should solve all the questions.
All the questions should be solved by them.
M.X.V’s = can, could, should, must, will, might, would, ought to,
shall,may
Class practice using Modals
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USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)
Lily is pleased with her life.
USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)
BE + ADJECTIVE
(a) Lily is
(b) Lily is
(c) Lily is
brave.
short.
healthy.
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(d) Lily is
(e) Lily is
(f) Lily is
divorced.
excited.
pleased.
like an adjective
USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)
(g) Lily is divorced from Jack.
(i) Lily will be excited for the trip.
past
participle
+
particular
prepositions
+
object
Stative Passive are used to describe a
state/feeling or situation. It does not show any
action.
The past participle in Stative passive functions as
an adjective.
Examples:
The door is locked.
The window is broken.
I am lost.
Note: Stative Passive verbs are often followed by
preposition rather than ‘by phrase’
e.g. Elizabeth is married to Alex.
Class practice
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When the subject is unknown/unnecessary.
e.g “ Get the notes printed.”
class practice
The word ‘Get’ can be followed by a past
participle to describe the subject. The past
participle followed by ‘Get’ functions as an
adjective. The use of ‘Get’ + Past Participle is
often not appropriated in formal writing though.
Examples:
I stopped working because I got tired.
(Tired, I stopped working.)
I got worried when I saw the accident.
Note: Get may be followed by certain adjectives.
e.g. The weather is getting cold.
I had cleaned my car. Vs. I had my car cleaned.
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GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
People often get thirsty
when they exercise.
GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET + ADJECTIVE
(a) I am getting thirsty.
(b) Fahad got angry at him.
GET
ADJECTIVE
change, beginning to be
GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
(c) I’m getting worried.
(d) My friend and his wife got divorced.
GET
PAST PARTICIPLE
like an adjective, describes subject
The Present Participle conveys an active meaning.
e.g. It is an interesting question.
Here the noun ‘question’ does something.
Class practice
----------------------------------------The Past Participle conveys a passive
meaning/action.
e.g. The students are confused.
Class practice
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