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Chapter 23: Participles
What are participles?
•Verbal adjectives (adjectives formed from a verb
stem)
•As an adjective, it must agree with what it’s
modifying in gender, number, case
•It will also have verb characteristics: tense and
voice
•In English, a participle is a verbal ending in -ing
(present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n (past) that
functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or
pronoun.
What are participles?
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The crying baby was hungry.
Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
The burning log fell off the fire.
Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river.
Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the
shoreline.
• Children introduced to music early develop
strong intellectual skills.
What are participles?
There are four participles in Latin:
Future Active
Future Passive
Present Active
Perfect Passive
As an adjective they can act as substantives.
As verbs, they can take direct objects and other
constructions used with the particular verb. They can also
be modified by adverbs or adverbial phrases.
Future Active Participle
Formed by adding –ur- and the adjective endings –us, -a,
-um to the stem of the 4th principal part.
Translate as ‘about to [verb]’ or ‘going to [verb]’
1st
amatum
- um + ur
+us,a,um
amaturus,a, um
2nd
monitum - um + ur
+us,a,um
moniturus, a, um
3rd
lectum
- um + ur
+us,a,um
lecturus, a, um
3rd -io
factum
- um + ur
+us,a,um
facturus, a, um
4th
auditum
- um + ur
+us,a,um
auditurus, a, um
Future Passive Participle
Formed by adding –nd- and the adjective endings –us, -a,
-um to the lengthened stem of the first principal part
Translate as ‘about to be [verb]ed’ or ‘going to be
[verb]ed’
1st
ama
2nd
mone + nd
+us, a, um monendus,a,um
3rd
lege
+ nd
+us, a, um legendus,a,um
3rd -io facie
+ nd
+us, a, um faciendus,a,um
4th
+ nd
audie + nd
+us, a, um amandus,a,um
+us, a, um audiendus,a,um
Present Active Participle
Formed by adding the 3rd declension adjectival ending
–ns, (gen) -ntis to the lengthened stem of the first
principal part
Translate as ‘[verb]ing’
1st
ama
2nd
mone + ns, ntis monens, monentis
3rd
lege
3rd -io facie
4th
+ ns, ntis amans,amantis
+ ns, ntis legens,legentis
+ ns, ntis faciens, facientis
audie + ns, ntis audiens, audientis
Perfect Passive Participle
We’ve already encountered the perfect passive
participle, when we dropped the –um from the 4th
principal part and added the adjective endings –
us,a,um to form the perfect passive system.
Translate as ‘having been [verb]ed, unless it is used
with a form of sum, and is therefore being used as a
verb of the perfect passive system.
Summary of Forms
Active
Passive
Fut 4th p.p. + ur + us, a, um 1st p.p. + nd + us, a, um
Pres
Perf
1st p.p. + ns, ntis
4th p.p. + us, a, um
Declension of Participles
3 of the 4 participles are declined like 1st/2nd declension
adjectives
The present participle, however, is declined like 3rd declension
adjectives.
BUT! Sometimes the ablative singular ends in –i, but
sometimes it ends in –e.
The –i is used when it is used simply as an attributive adjective
(eg a matre amanti – by a loving mother)
The –e is used when the participle is functioning verbally (eg
with an object, like patre filium amante, with the father loving
his son) or as a substantive (ab amante, by a lover)
Tense
Just like in English, the tense of the
participle is not absolute, but rather it is
relative to the tense of the main verb.
Pres. Ppl. = action contemporaneous
Pf. Ppl. = action prior
Fut Ppl. = Action subsequent
Identify the Tense
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The crying baby was hungry.
Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
The burning log fell off the fire.
Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
Jack saw the students about to study.
Dolores noticed her cousin walking along the
shoreline.
• Children introduced to music early develop
strong intellectual skills.