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CHAPTER 13 Agreement, Pronoun, Modifier, and Parallelism Errors SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT A verb should agree in number with its subject Look before the verb to find subject unless The sentence begins with there/here is/are/has been, etc. The question construction is used The subject is delayed When nouns come between the subject and verb, ignore these nouns in finding the subject SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT, CONT’D Rules for compound subjects (two nouns/pronouns form subject) If nouns are joined by and, consider the subject plural If joined by and, and referring to one concept, consider the subject singular If joined by or, nor, either. . . or, neither. . . nor, the verb agrees with the second noun If joined by as well as, in addition to, together with, and similar phrases, the verb agrees with the first noun SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT, CONT’D Indefinite pronoun subject Most indefinite pronouns are considered singular e.g., anyone, everybody, something require singular verb PRONOUN–ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT A pronoun should agree in number with the noun or indefinite pronoun it replaces (the antecedent) Compound antecedent If nouns are joined by and, the pronoun is usually plural If joined by or, nor, either. . . or, neither. . . nor, the antecedent is the second noun If joined by as well as, in addition to, together with, and similar phrases, the antecedent is the first noun PRONOUN–ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT, CONT’D Collective If the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun is singular unless the noun refers to individuals within a group Indefinite noun antecedent pronoun antecedent If the antecedent is a singular indefinite pronoun, the pronoun that replaces it should be singular PRONOUN–ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT, CONT’D Generic singular noun antecedent (refers to both genders) If antecedent is generic singular noun, the pronoun that replaces it should be singular Pronouns replacing indefinite pronoun or generic noun antecedent should be singular and include both genders (e.g., he and she. . .) PRONOUN REFERENCE, CONSISTENCY, AND CASE Pronouns should clearly refer to their antecedents Common errors Ambiguous reference (antecedent is unclear) Broad reference (antecedent is group of words or idea rather than specific noun) Missing antecedent (no grammatical antecedent in sentence) PRONOUN REFERENCE, CONSISTENCY, AND CASE, CONT’D Be consistent—do not unnecessarily change the person of a pronoun First person: I, me, my, we, us, our Second person: you, your Third person: he, she, it, his, her, its, they, them, their PRONOUN REFERENCE, CONSISTENCY, AND CASE, CONT’D Pronoun case (form) can change to reflect grammatical function Personal pronouns Use I, we, they for subjects and subject completions Use me, us, them for objects of verbs and objects of prepositions Interrogative pronouns Use who for subjects and subject completions Use whom for objects of verbs and objects of prepositions PRONOUN REFERENCE, CONSISTENCY, AND CASE, CONT’D Relative pronouns Use who for subjects of relative (adjectival) clauses and subject completions in relative clauses Use whom for objects of verbs and objects of prepositions in relative clauses MODIFIER ERRORS Adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and verbs; they may be one word or a phrase Misplaced modifiers Commonly found at the end of sentences Are out of place in a sentence, seeming to modify a word they are not intended to modify Need to be moved next to the word they are intended to modify to avoid confusion MODIFIER ERRORS, CONT’D Dangling modifiers lack a suitable word to modify Commonly found at the beginning of sentences as participial phrases To fix dangling modifiers Add missing information to dangling phrase Add missing information to independent clause PARALLELISM Parallelism requires use of similar forms for items placed in parallel positions in a sentence Parallelism helps create coherence Strategy for parallelism in compounds (two elements) Identify items that should be parallel (have similar forms) by looking for joining word(s) e.g., coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, comparisons Ensure each item has same form (e.g., two nouns, two complete verb forms, two prepositional phrases) PARALLELISM, CONT’D Parallelism Strategy in series (three or more items) for parallelism in series Identify start of series and each item in series Ensure each item has same form (e.g., two nouns, two complete verb forms, two prepositional phrases)