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GREEK ART Greek Religion • believed in many different gods and goddesses. • believed that Gods controlled everything in people’s lives and the environment. • There was a God for every aspect of their lives. Eg. God of the underworld, goddess of love, etc. • It was important to please the gods; happy gods helped you, but unhappy gods punished you. • The Ancient Greeks believed that all the gods came from Gaia (the Earth) and Uranos (the sky). • For the Greeks, all people can and do communicate with a god or gods; these gods exist very much in the real world, taking on the shape of humans (or even animals), and even often having sexual relations with humans etc.. Greek Pottery The Greeks had about 20 different vase styles each with its own function, eg. storing supplies, a water carrier, for perfumes and oils, for cosmetics, a mixing bowl especially for water and wine, body oil for athletes or for gifts of oil to be interred with the dead, etc. Each vase was embellished with everyday lives of the ordinary people of ancient Greece. People study paintings on the vases, because vases are the only items that survived that were painted. Large and colourful wall paintings no longer exist. Geometric Period (800 - 600 bce) •Pottery, on the left, were found in cemeteries served as grave makers •Work is very abstract and conceptual •Work consists of simplified geometric shapes •The composition is organized in registers •Surface of the vase is completely decorated with abstract linear designs. • Every surface spaces is fill with designs. This phase is named horror vacui (literally: fear of empty spaces) Orientalizing period (720-620 B.C.) •Orientalizing period was inspired by the East (Mesopotamia and Anatolian art) •The style is marked by floral and animal motifs. •Greek religious and mythological themes are represented in vase painting. •The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette, though their heads were drawn in outline Eleusis Amphora, c. 675 B.C. Neck shows Odysseus blinding the Cyclops Polyphemos. BLACK FIGURE WARE •Figures are in black, and the background is red •Figures are in silhouette •Artists gained confidence in their rendering of the human figure, greater anatomical detail in bodies •Greek’s show their love for detailed battle narrations. The images portray scenes of mythological battles. Attic Black Figure Amphora ca. 530-525 b.c. Heracles (at the left) fights with two Amazons, a race of female warriors thought to live on the fringes of the civilized world. Achilles and Ajax at Draughts, Greek, 540 BCE The scene depicts two warriors, Achilles (at left) and Ajax (at right). The warriors are taking a rest from their battles. They are playing checkers (draughts) on a board. The frontal eyes, stare at the viewer. Body proportions are still not anatomically correct however figures has volume. RED FIGURE WARE Artemis and Acteon, Greek Red Figure Krater, 470 BCE The function of the krater was to serve as a large mixing bowl for the dilution of wine (from an amphora) and water (from a hydria). •Figures are in red, and the background is black •Artists continue render the human figure, anatomical in detail •Themes represented gods or the heroes of Greek history and mythology. •Battle and hunting scenes were also popular. The goddess of the hunt, Artemis (at left) and a young hunter Acteon (at right). Acteon comes upon Artemis with his hunting dogs. Artemis was bathing with her attendants, and was enraged that Acteon gazed on her nude body. She angrily turns him into a deer and makes him mute. His own dogs do not recognize him, and he cannot cry out to them, and they turn on him and attack. For most of its many thousand year history the swastika had a positive meaning. It also appears in ancient Chinese. "The word 'swastika' comes from the Sanskrit svastika - 'su' meaning 'good,' 'asti' meaning 'to be,' and 'ka' as a suffix," Artemis as Mistress of Animals, about 680 BCE Greek Sculpture Much of Greek art was meant to thank the gods for good fortune, and to gain favor in their eyes for good times to come. Most statues were originally created to revere a particular god or goddess, Archaic Period Classical Period Hellenistic Period Archaic Greek Sculpture Young male nudes were known as Kouros. Archaic Greek Sculpture The Greeks learned how to make big stone statues from the Egyptians. The Egyptian influence: •Figures have rigidity and formality •one foot in front of the other, which helps the statue to stand up and not fall over. •treatment of the hair and face (triangular shape in the face and upside-down triangles for the hair) •Figures would have been painted Greek influence: •Greeks made their statues nude, (the Greeks thought that men's bodies were sacred and that the gods liked to see them) •Figure is free standing (figure can be seen from all sides. It is not attached to the marble background) Greek have interest in realism and accurate observation Kouros - Greek for youth Kore – Greek for maiden •Free standing clothed figure of an idealized young girl •Originally the figure was painted •Has naturalistic features eg. the intricate carving of her hair Greek Sculpture- Severe Classical The "Charioteer of Delphi" is one of the best known ancient Greek bronze statues. It is considered a fine example of the "Severe" style The sculpture depicts the driver of the chariot race at the moment when he presents his chariot and horses to the spectators in recognition of his victory. The youth's demeanor encapsulates the moment of glory, and the recognition of his eternal athletic and moral stature, with abundant humility. The Charioteer stands with admirable modesty and faces the crowd in total control of his emotions. This Self-discipline was a sign of civilized man in Classical Greece, and a concept that permeates the art of this period. The ability to restrain one's emotions especially during the most challenging of moments came to define the entire Classical era of Greek art and thought. Classical Greek Sculpture (5th to 4th century BC) The Greeks are honoring their gods by showing the beauty and grace of the human body, especially the bodies of young, athletic men (women's bodies were still not shown without their clothes). Wounded Niobid, 500 BC Characteristics of Classical sculpture: •Interest in the three-dimensionality •figure can be seen from all different sides •figures are depicted in action or at ease •bodies are idealized •people and the gods are shown serene, calm, peaceful, in control of their emotions, even in sculptures which depict violent and passionate scenes Greeks believed that suppression of the emotions was a noble characteristic of all civilized men, while the public display of human emotion was a sign of barbarism. During Classical period, the change in sculpture was embodied by one word: controposto (weight shift). In controposto the weight rests on right leg, the right leg is counter balanced by bend left leg, tense left arm bent at elbow. Controposto lends naturalism to figure. Cridian Aphrodite 350- 40 B.C. by PRAXITELES carved in marble Hellenistic Greek Sculpture (late 4th - 1st century BC) Characteristics of Hellenistic sculpture: •Hellenistic art perfected the art of "sculpture in the round" •Emphasis is placed on dramatic movement and extreme poses. •Scale and proportion are distorted, muscles are strained and overdeveloped, •sculpture are no longer not idealistic, faces show scars or bleeding wounds •facial expressions are intense, figures portrayed inner character, feelings and experiences. The artist was concerned with capturing the feelings of a 'fleeting moment.' •The portrait was not only used for the gods and heroes. •concerned with scenes witnessed in daily life. •One begins to see sculptures of old people and children - individualization was taken to the extremes of ugliness The Trojan priest, Laocoön, had tried to warn his fellow Trojan citizens of the danger of bringing the wooden horse presented to the city left by the Greeks. In return Laocoön incurred the wrath of the gods. Laocoön was strangled by sea snakes, sent by the gods who favored the Greeks, while he was sacrificing at the altar of Neptune. Laocoön and His Sons , 2nd centry Roman marble copy The WINGED NIKE (3rd century BCE) is famed its grace in motion. Nikes, such as this, were created by the Greeks to celebrate naval victories. Nike’s wings are stretched out to catch the wind as she lands on the prow of a ship. The draped garment clings to the body as though it were wet. The cloak which is slipping from the shoulders billows out behind the figure and wraps around the legs. The body is thrust forward by the force of the powerful wings. This massive sculpture, which is approximately 11 feet tall, appears to be almost weightless. This is a sculpture about action and emotion, two of the most important themes in Hellenistic sculpture. Nike, meaning "Victory", was a goddess who personified triumph and victory. She was capable of running and flying at great speeds. Greek Architecture The Greeks, to show the gods how important they were to them, built temples in every town for one god or goddess. The temples were not like modern places of worship, for ordinary people to pray in. They were homes for statues of gods, which were cared for by priests. Religious ceremonies and festivals went on outside the temple. The Acropolis At the top of Mount Olympus in Athens, Greece, is the Acropolis. The Acropolis (from the Greek ‘acros’, meaning ‘high or upper’ and ‘polis’, meaning ‘city’). An assembly of temples and structures dedicated to the Greek gods and goddesses. At its peak is the Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos, patroness of Athens. Most of the temples were built during the 400's bce. Greek architectural system: ORDERS The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The orders may be distinguished most easily by their capitals (the tops of the columns). Doric order the column is sturdy or bulky; the capital is plain. Ionic order the column is thinner and elegant; the capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). Corinthian order the column is even thinner and more elegant; the capital is decorated with acanthus leaves Doric Order Temple The Parthenon The principal temple on the Acropolis is the Parthenon. . It was dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. Parthenos, Greek term for ‘virgin’ and the root of the word parthenogenesis (virgin birth). Completed in 438 BCE All columns are tilted inward slightly, and are placed closer together toward the corners of the building. This has the effect of creating a sense of stability and accentuates the corners, resulting in an almost imperceptible frame on each of the four sides. PARTHENON Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, war. The statue was 41 feet, 10 inches tall, made of gold and ivory. Athena was sculpted by Pheidias. It took 9 years to complete. The temple was dedicated to the goddess in 438 BC. Ionic Order Temples Ionic Order Temple THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE The temple of Athena Nike, the goddess of victory, is built entirely of marble on a small ledge outside the sacred precinct. Designed by Callicrates, it has Ionic porticos of four columns on the front and back of the cella. The entire building is surrounded with a frieze. Corinthian Order Temples THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS This temple was completed by Emperor Hadrian in the 2. A.D. It features three rows of eight columns across the front and back of the temple and a double row of twenty on the flanks, for a total of 104 columns. The columns would stand 17 m (55.5 feet) high and 2 m (6.5 ft) in diameter. The building was made out of marble. Corinthian orders were used, marking it the first time that this order had been used on the exterior of a major temple. The temple was probably destroyed by an earthquake during the medieval period, and disassembled for building materials. GREEK AMPHITHEATHER Open-air structure, often built on a hillside, where theatrical performances were staged. Architecture influenced by the Greek