Download Chapter 7-9 W.C. I.

Bringing Order with Laws and
Leadership
• As Germanic law codes were codified,
preserving details of the early German
kingdoms for historians, principles of
Roman law were also incorporated.
• The Rule of Law
– Legal Codes
– Wergeld
Chapter 7
• The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms struggled to
integrate Christianity and Roman learning
into their own customs and traditions of
law and learning.
Anglo-Saxon England: Forwarding
Learning and Law
• The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History
– Bede’s History
• Governing the Kingdom
– Witan
– Royal Offices
• Alfred the Great: King and Scholar
– Danelaw
– Alfred’s Translations
Chapter 7
• Charlemagne, who represented the
melding of classical, Germanic, and
Christian traditions, linked religion and
politics to consolidate his rule over an
empire.
Charlemagne and the Carolingians:
A New European Empire
• Charlemagne’s Kingdom
– Administering the Realm
• Linking Politics and Religion
– Charlemagne’s Coronation
• Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam
• An Intellectual Rebirth
– Establishing Schools
– Correcting Texts
Struggle for Order in the Church
• The church was dominated by monarchs
in the 8th and 9th centuries, but during this
period, planted seeds for the future, which
included the founding of the Cluniac order.
• Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World
– Cluniac Reform
Chapter 7
• With the division of Charlemagne’s empire
among his descendants, the empire was
left vulnerable to the invasions of Vikings,
Magyars, and Muslims, whose conquests
in Carolingian territory negatively impacted
the church, centralized authority, and
stimulated learning.
Order Interrupted: Vikings and
Other Invaders
• Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne’s Descendants
– Treaty of Verdun
– New Invaders
• “The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian Life and Values
– Viking Ships
• Viking Travels and Conquests
– Western Explorations
– European Settlements
• An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy
– Vikings convert
Chapter 7
• A new social order, founded upon
Carolingian ideals, linked all people from
the peasantry to the king in a contractual
system of mutual obligation
• Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the
Medieval Manor
– Manor Layout
– Serf’s Obligations
Manors and Feudal Ties: Order
Emerging from Chaos
• Life in the Manorial Village
– Village life
• Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite
– Lords and Vassals
– Feudal Complexities
• Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble’s Life
– Marriage Ties
– Medicine
Chapter 8
• Agricultural innovations led to an
expansion of Europe’s population and
changing conditions for those who worked
the land.
• Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind
Those Who Work: Agricultural
Labor
• New Agricultural Techniques
– Three-Field Cultivation
• The Population Doubles
– Life Span
– New Freedoms
– Environmental Consequences
Chapter 8
• Medieval towns offered an ambiguous mix
of opportunities and limitations for many
residents as these towns flourished with
the increase in trade.
Those Outside the Order: Town Life
• Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town
– Communes and Guilds
– Urban Jews
• The Widening Web of Trad
– Champagne Fairs
– Hanseatic League
• The Glory of God: Church Architecture
– Gothic Architecture
– Stained Glass
Those Outside the Order: Town Life
• The Rise of Universities
– Advanced Degrees
• Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy
– Anselm and Abelard
– Thomas Aquinas
• Discovering the Physical World
– Hildegard of Bingen
– Experimental Science
Chapter 8
• Nobles and knights refined the ideals of
chivalry in the poetry and literature that
accompanied the feudalistic social order.
• Castles: Medieval Homes and Heavens
– Living Quarters
Those Who Fight: Nobles and
Knights
• The Ideals of Chivalry
– Jousts and Tournaments
• The Literature of Chivalry
• In Praise of Romantic Love
– Courtly Love
Chapter 8
• Kings in the High Middle Ages struggled
against their nobles to exert centralized
authority, transforming the map of Europe
in the process.
The Rise of Centralized
Monarchies
• England: From Conquest to Parliament
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Conquest of England
Henry I and II
Magna Carta
Parliament
• The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands
– The Reconquest
• France and Its Patient Kings
– Capetian Dynasty
– Louis IX
– Philip IV
The Rise of Centralized
Monarchies
• The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire
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Saxon Dynasty
Salian Dynasty
Hohenstaufen Dynasty
Hapsburg Dynasty
Chapter 8
• Church leaders also stove toward
centralization, which often led them into
conflicts with secular leaders and the
Muslim and Byzantine empires.
• A Call for Church Reform
Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes
and Expanding Christendom
• The Investiture Controversy
– Concordat of Worms
– Thomas Becket
– Innocent III
• Christians on the March: The Crusades, 1096-1291
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Islam Strengthened
Pope Urban’s Call
Crusader States
Subsequent Crusades
Knights Templars
Crusaders Expelled
Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes
and Expanding Christendom
• Criticism of the Church
– Waldensians
• The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and
Dominicans
– Francis of Assisi
– Dominican Order
• The Church Suppresses: the Albigensian Crusade and
the Inquisition
– Albigensian Crusade
– The Inquisition
Chapter 9
• population growth of Europeans was
checked by famine and the plague,
disasters which were then followed by
revolts of peasants and townspeople.
Economic and Social Misery
• Famine
– Bad Weather
• The Black Death: Bubonic Plague
– Flagellants
– Anti-Semitism
• The Peasants and Townspeople Revolt
– John Ball
– Urban Revolts
Chapter 9
• The Church faced crisis again as secular
rulers denied the supremacy of papal
authority and factions within the church
vied for power.
Imperial Papacy Besieged
• Popes Move to Avignon
– Return to Rome
• Things Get Worse: The Great Schism
• The Conciliar Movement
• New Critics of the Church
– John Wycliffe
– Jan Hus
Chapter 9
• The prolonged conflict between France
and England broke down the feudal
system, aided the consolidation of the
French monarchy, and weakened the
English throne.
More Destruction: The Hundred
Years’ War, 1337-1453
• England VS. France
– New Weapons
– English Victories
– A Seesaw Battle
• Joan of Arc
– Joan Executed
• Results of the War
– Wars of the Roses
Chapter 9
• Philosophers, writers, and artists
responded to the disasters of the
fourteenth century by reconsidering old
problems and offering new ideas and
insights.
Responses to Disaster and Despair
• William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism
• New Literary Giants
– Dante
– Boccaccio
– Chaucer
• A New View: Jan Van Eyck
– Realism and Symbolism
Chapter 9
• New empires arose in the east as
Europeans struggled between localism
and centralism.
Empires in the East
• Eastern Universalism: The Mongols
– Mongol Empire
– Marco Polo
• The Ottoman Empire, ca. 1300-1566
– Conquest of Constantinople
– Suleiman I
• Russia: The Third Rome
– Ivan III