Download Popes and Rulers

Popes and Rulers
01.25.12
Popes and Rulers
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Charlemagne set out to improve the
Church
Many advisors were members of the clergy
799, receives visit from Pope Leo III
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01.25.12
Wanted protection from Charlemagne
In thanks, Pope crowned Charlemagne
emperor in a coronation
1. Strengthened power of the Church in Europe
2. Showed only Pope could crown Emperors
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Charl. thinks GOD made him Emperor
Pope thinks CHURCH made C. Emperor
After Charlemagne, Otto the Great was
chosen to lead
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1073, Pope Gregory VII becomes Pope
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Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962
Used Church to support his authority
Issued list of rules over the supreme authority over
secular leaders and church leaders
Only Pope chose bishops, remove Emperors
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is NOT
pleased, felt attacked
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Henry names his own bishop, Gregory
appoints a rival
Henry tries to remove Pope, Pope
excommunicates Henry
– Frees Henry’s subjects from their
oaths of loyalty to their emperor
• Divides the clergy and secular
leaders
– Henry begs in the snow for 3 days for
forgiveness from the Pope
• Pope gives in, forgives! 
• Henry then marches his army to
Rome and forces the Pope out of
office
• 1122 sign Concordat of Worms
– Church appoints bishops, Emperors
gives fiefs to bishops
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
01.27.12
Do Now:
1. What rights did Pope
Gregory VII claim as
pope?
2. Why was the power
to chose the bishops
such a big factor in
the conflict between
the pope and the
emperors?
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
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Vikings settled in Normandy, France
as great feudal lords
– Called Normans
England ruled by weak king, Edward
the Confessor
Harold Godwin or William the
Conqueror of Normandy both want to
be king
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01.27.12
Harold named King but is killed by William
in 1066 in the Battle of Hastings
English have inferior weapons
End of Anglo-Saxon rule in England
England changes
Now about 180 feudal lords, not 5000
Power held by Normans, led to
creation of English language
http://www.phschool.com
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1199 King John claims to rule Normandy as
well as England
– Has to raise taxes to pay for
conquering, angers his lords/barons
Force him to sign the Magna Carta (Great
Charter) in 1215
– Says no one is above the law, even
King
– trials by jury in court cases,
– Need council of barons to raise taxes
English common law comes from local
customs and judges’ decisions
– ex. Habeas corpus: right to a trial
– Must produce a writ: court order
– Magna Carta leads to English
Parliament
Assembly of representatives to pass laws
House of Lords – nobles
House of Commons – knights, peasants
Do Now:
Complete your vocabulary
words for this chapter. This
is still part of Unit 7, so you
may continue on where
you previously have “UNIT
7 VOCABULARY”.
Words can be found on
starting p. 413 in blue
WORDS:
Clergy
Coronation
Secular
Excommunicate
Common law
Habeas corpus
Writ
Parliament
Pilgrim
Crusade
Heresy
Inquisition
Reconquista
Religious Crusades
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Christians traveled as pilgrims to the Holy
Land in Jerusalem and Palestine
Muslim Turks conquered Jerusalem, started
harassing pilgrims
– Byzantine Emperor (a Christian) asked
Pope for help
1095 Pope Urban II called for “soldiers of
Christ” to defend Constantinople, free
Jerusalem
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What’s the problem
with the 4th Crusade
attacked
Constantinople? 1
sentence in your
book, please!
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01.31.12
Slogan “God wills it!” (Deus Vult!)
Success, took back Jerusalem!
Pope compared Crusades to feudalism with
God as feudal lord needing protection
Difficult journey with disease, robbers, etc.
Four Crusades in all, 1st was greatest
– Muslims treated with no respect
– 4th Crusade attacked Constantinople,
destroyed icons, attacked women
Effects of the Crusades:
1. Opened Europeans’ eyes to the rest of
the world
2. Encouraged trade with the East
– Brought home silk, spices, ideas
3. Inspired the great voyages of discovery
• Crusades used as an excuse for
violence against non-Christians
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Crusades also targeted heretics
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Jews persecuted, killed, kicked out of
countries (England, France)
Christians must believe in what the Church
says
Pope Gregory IX created the
Inquisition to investigate/judge heretics
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Excommunication, no food, whipping, fines,
imprisonment all punishments
If you did not confess, execution
Christians and Muslims in Spain
02.01.12 Christians and Muslims in Spain
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Muslims in Spain = Moors, mainly in S.
Spain
Modern, advanced city of Cordoba
Rulers very tolerant of Jews and
Christians, very multicultural
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Home of famous philosophers, Ibn Rushd
and Moses Maimonides
Non-Muslims had to pay special tax
By 1050, the Pope encouraged
Christians in N. Spain to drive the
Muslims from S. Spain
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02.01.12
Reconquista (reconquest)
1139, Portugal becomes independent
1236, Cordoba fell, only Granada stays
Muslim
1469: Ferdinand marries Isabella,
unites different parts of Spain
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Granada falls in 1492
Anti-Jewish attacks start
– Isabella and Ferdinand are very
religious
– Bring in Torquemada (a monk) to
head the Spanish Inquisition
– Uses torture and terror against
Jews and Muslims
1492, rulers order all Jews to leave
Spain and Portugal
Many moved to Italy, Ottoman Empire
Muslims eventually ordered out as well
Loss of two groups harms Spain’s
economy and culture
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Loss of intellectual/cultural contributions