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Chapter 9: Section 1
Growth of Royal Power in England
and France
I. Monarchs in England
In 1066, king Edward died. A council
of nobles chose his brother-in-law
Harold to rule.
But, Duke William of Normandy
(William the conqueror) claimed the
throne.
The Norman Conquest
Duke William raised an army, and
won the backing of the of the pope.
He sailed the English channel and he
and his knights triumphed over
Harold.
William exerted firm control over his
new land.
A Unified Legal System
In 1154, Henry II inherited the throne.
He broadened the system of royal
justice.
His decisions of the royal court
became the foundation of common
law.
Under his rule, England also
developed an early jury system.
A Conflict with the Church
Henry’s attempt to extend royal power
led to a bitter dispute with the church.
Henry wanted to try clergy in court.
The conflict went on for years.
Thomas Becket, the archbishop,
apposed Henry’s move.
Henry, outraged, had Becket killed.
Becket was declared a martyr and
saint.
II. Traditions of the English Government
John’s Trouble
Henry’s son John was a very un-trustable
ruler.
He suffered a major setback when he lost
the war against Philip II and had to give up
some of his land.
Next, he battled Pope Innocent III because
he didn’t approve the pope’s nominee for
archbishop.
The Pope excommunicated him and put
him under the interdict.
The Magna Carta
John angered his nobles with
oppression of taxes and abuse of
power.
A group cornered him and forced him
to sign the Magna Carta.
This affirmed feudal rights and agreed
not to raise taxes.
Parliament
English Rulers often consulted the
Great Council.
This group evolved into Parliament.
Much later the group became called
model parliament.
III. French Monarchs
The Capetians
The capetians built an effective
bureaucracy.
By establishing order, they gained
back the respect of the townspeople.
Great and Respected Rulers of the
Time
Philip Agustus
Was an outstanding French king of the
time.
He strengthened royal government.
He ruled lands and began to take over
France.
He died in 1223
Louis IX
He was the most admired French ruler of the
time.
He was deeply religious.
He didn’t do much to improve royal
government.
His personal prestige helped him create a
strong national government.
Philip IV
He ruthlessly extended power.
He was elected pope.
He rallied French support by setting the
Estates General.
By: Gabrielle D’Adamo
The Holy Empire
∙In 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of
Germany.
∙Otto I worked closely with the church
∙In 962, a grateful pope crowned Otto emperor.
∙German emperors claimed authority over much of central
and eastern Europe as well as parts of France and Italy.
∙Pope Gregory VII was determined to make the church
independent of secular rulers.
∙Only the pope, said Gregory had the right to appoint and
install bishop in office.
Emperor Henry VII
∙Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response from the
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.
∙German Princes saw a chance to undermine Henry by
supporting the pope.
∙In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry feeling his
struggles from their alliance to the emperor.
∙Concordat of Worms
∙The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50
years
∙Finally, in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the
Concordat of Worms.
The Struggle for Italy.
∙Frederick Barbarossa
∙Called Barbarossa or “Red Beard” dreamed of building an
empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic.
∙For years, he fought to bring the wealthy cities of northern
Italy under his control.
∙Frederick II
∙The child of Henry and Constance, Frederick II Was raised
in southern Italy.
∙He tried but failed to subdue he cities of northern Italy.
Effects on Germany and Italy
∙While Frederick was embroiled in Italy, German nobles
grew more independent.
∙ Unlike France and Germany would not achieve unity for
another 600 years.
∙The Height of Church Power
∙Pope Innocent III, who took office in 1198, embodied the
triumph of the church.
Innocent clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day.
∙In 1209, Innocent, aided by Philip II, launched a brutal
crusade against the Albigensians in southern France.
∙Innocent’s death, popes continued to press their claim to
supremacy.
THE WORLD in 1050
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Western Europe was just emerging from a period of isolation, civilizations
were thriving elsewhere.
Islam had given rise to a new civilization that stretched from Spain to India.
Hindu and Buddhist traditions flourished, and wealthy princes built stunning
temples and palaces.
Indian mathematicians invent a number system, which adapted and eventually
passed to Europeans.
China had a strong central government.
In West Africa, the Sinoke people were building the great trading empire of
Ghana.
THE CRUSADES
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The Byzantine emperor Alexius I urgently asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help
fight the Turks.
Roman popes and Byzantine emperors were rivals, but Urban still agreed.
AT the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited bishops ad nobles to action.
He then called for a crusade to free the Holy Land.
By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the Holy Land.
Armies of ordinary men and women inspired by fiery preachers left for the Holy Land too.
Many knights hoped to win wealth and land, while others sought to escape troubles at
home and others yearned for adventure.
Urban hoped to increase his power in Europe and perhaps heal the schism, or split,
between the Roman and Byzantine churches.
After a long, bloody campaign, Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.
The crusades continued off and on for 200 years.
Duireng the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders were diverted from fighting Christians.
THE EFFECTS of the CRUSADES
on EUROPE
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In Europe crusaders sometimes turned their religious fury against Jews, massacring entire
communities.
The wars helped to quicken the pace of changes underway.
The crusades increased trade and growth of a money economy.
Venetian merchants used the fleets to carry on trade with the Middle East.
In 1271, a young Venetian, Marco Polo, set out for China with his merchant father and
uncle.
By the 1400’s, a desire to trade directly with India and China led Europeans to a new age of
exploration.
THE RECONQUISTA in SPAIN
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Several tiny Christian kingdoms survived in the north, expanded their borders, and sought
to take over Muslim lands.
This campaign to drive the Muslims from Spain became known as the Reconquista, or
“reconquest”.
In 1085, the Christians captured the city of Toledo.
During the next 200 years, Christian forces pushed slowly and steadily southward.
By 1300, the Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula except for Granada.
Muslim influences helped shape the arts and literature of Christian Spain.
In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon.
The two monarchs made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada.
Under Muslim rule, Spain had enjoyed a tradition of religious toleration.
Isabella ended that policy of toleration.
She launched a brutal crusade against the Jews and Muslims.
Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake.
The queen achieved religious unity, but at a high price– 150,000 educated, skilled people
who contributed to Spain’s economy and culture fled Spain.