Download The High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages
I. Growth of Royal Power in England
A. Feudal Monarchs
1. Limited power
2. Relied on vassals for military support
B. Nobles and the church
1. Had as much or more power
C. Attempts to exert authority
1. Taxes
2. Building a standing army
D. Royal justice
1. Strong Monarchs in England
2. Invaders of England
a) Angles, Saxons, and Vikings
b) Feudalism develops
E. King Edward-Anglo-Saxon dies
1. Harold vs. Duke William of Normandy
2. William of Normandy
a) Raised an army
b) Secured the support of the pope
c) Battle of Hastings- William wins- “William the conqueror”
assumes the English crown on Christmas ay 1066
3. William was a feudal monarch
a) Granted fiefs to the church and his nobles
b) Monitored whom built castles
c) Required vassals to swear their allegiance to him first
d) Census- Domesday Book
e) Established a royal exchequer-treasury
II. Legal System
A. 1154 Henry II inherits the throne
1. Expanded customs into law
2. Appointed traveling justices
3. Decision of royal courts became English common law that applied to
all of England
4. Developed a jury systema) Grand jury
b) Trial jury
B. Conflict with the Church
1. Henry claims authority over the church
2. Conflict with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury
3. 1170 Becket killed by Henry’s knights
4. Henry denies responsibility tries to make amends
5. Becket declared a martyr and a saint
6. Many make pilgrimage to Becket’s tomb at Canterbury
III. Evolving Traditions of English Government
A. John- Henry’s son had many enemies
1. King Philip II of France-lost lands in Anjou & Normandy
2. Pope Innocent III- John excommunicated by the pope
3. English Nobles-oppressive taxes
4. Lost battles with each
B. 1215 he was captured and forced to sign the Magna Carta
C. The Magna Carta
1. Recognized legal rights of townspeople & the church
2. Protection from arbitrary arrest
3. Agreement not to raise new taxes without consulting Great Council of
lords and clergy
4. Monarch must obey the law
5. The Great Council evolves into Parliament
a) French word “parler” meaning to talk
b) Edward I “What touches all should be approved by all”
IV. The Holy Roman Empire
A. Charlemagne- France & Germany
B. Dukes of Saxony- Germany
C. Duke Otto I- King of Germany
1. Worked with the church
2. Bishops became government officials
3. Lended the support of the royal army to defend the church
4. 962 Otto crowned emperor by the pope
a) “Holy Roman Emperor”b) Crowed by the pope
c) Heirs to the ancient Roman empire
V. Conflict Between Popes & Emperors
A. Popes want power to appoint church officials
B. Gregory VII- wanted the church to be independent of secular rulers
1. Banned the practice of lay investiture- Emperor gives lay people
positions in the church
2. Henry IV- disagreed with Gregory- churches’ lands were royal fiefs
C. German princes see an opportunity
D. 1076 Gregory excommunicates Henry and attempts to crown a new emperor
1. Henry makes amends-1077
2. Gregory forgives him and lifts the excommunication
3. Henry goes on to subdue rebellious nobles with revenge in mind.
E. Concordat of Worms 1122
1. Pope had sole authority to elect bishops, however the emperor had the
right to invest them with fiefs
VI. 1100s & 1200s German Emperors attempt to take over Italy
A. Frederick Barbarossa- “Red Beard” attempted to subdue Italy, but failed.
1. Henry & Constance
2. Frederick II- also failed to subdue Northern Italy
B. German nobles get out of hand while Frederick II is away
C. Prevents unity of Germany for another 600 years
VII. The Height of Church Power
A. Pope Innocent II- 1198
1. The pope, he said, stands “between God and man, lower than God but
higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one”
B. 1209 crusade against the Albigensians in southern France
1. Tens of thousands were killed
2. 1296 King Philip of France successfully challenges Pope Boniface
VIII
VIII. Europeans Look Outward
A. The world in 1050
B. Rise of Islam- from Spain to India
1. Development of trade and academics
2. Indian mathematicians develop a number system that Europeans would
eventually adopt
3. China- advances in technology- gunpowder, paper, printing
4. Coined and paper money
5. West Africa- trade empire of Ghana
IX. The Crusades
A. 1050s Byzantine empire invaded by the Seljuk Turks
B. By 1071 overrun most Byzantine lands in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey)
1. Extended power to the Holy Land and attacked Christian pilgrims
2. Byzantine emperor Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for Christian knights
C. Council of Clermont 1095 Urban calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land
D. Pope’s motives
1. Increase power in Europe
2. Heal the schism between Roman & Byzantine churches
3. Others- wealth, adventure, escape
E. Victories & Defeats
1. 1099 Jerusalem captured by Christians
2. Massacre of Muslims & Jews in the city
3. Crusades went on for over 200 years
4. Four small states established
5. Muslims continued to attempt to destroy them
a) 1187 Salah al-Din leads the take over of Jerusalem
b) Third Crusade- attempt to take back Jerusalem
c) Salah Al Din opens up the Holy city to Christian pilgrims
6. Fourth Crusade- North African Muslim countries
7. 1204 Christian knights capture and loot Constantinople
X. Effects of the Crusades on Europe
A. Religious hatred
B. Economic expansion
C. Exposure to foreign goods and expansion of trade
D.
E.
F.
G.
Promotion of money economy that undermined serfdom
Increased power for monarchs- levy of taxes for crusades
Increase in Papal power
Experience of travelers- 1400s desire to explore
XI. Reconquista
A. Christian/ Muslim struggle over Spain
1. Reconquista- Christian campaign to drive Muslims from Spain
2. 1085 city of Toledo is captured
B. Ferdinand & Isabella 1469
1. 1492 captured Granada for the Christians
2. Wanted religious & political unity
3. Used the Inquisition- a church court set up to try people of heresy.
4. Crusade against the Jews & Muslims
XII. Learning, Literature, and the Arts
A. Academic Guilds- 1100s
1. Schools merge to train clergy
2. Some cathedral schools evolve into first universities
3. Conditions
a) Strict schedules
b) No permanent buildings-rented rooms
c) Curriculum- arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar,
rhetoric, and logic
d) 3-6 years for a bachelors
B. Women & Education
1. Not allowed to attend university, limited their career opportunities
2. Christine de Pizan- authora) City of Ladies- questions tradition views of women
C. New Learning
1. Knowledge lost after the fall of Rome reaches Europe
2. Translations expand access to knowledge
3. Philosophy
a) Poses contradictions to Christian belief
b) Scholastics tried to resolve conflict between faith and reason
4. Thomas Aquinas- Summa Theologica- Christian Teachings in the light
of reason
D. Medieval Literature
1. Texts written in vernacular
2. Heroic Epics
a) Crusades, feudal kings and warriors, common people
3. Satire- Dante’s Divine Comedy
4. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales