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Chapter 13:2, 3, 4
European Middle Ages
500-1200
Section 2: Feudalism in Europe
 Invaders from all sides further crumbled divided
Carolingian empire
– Vikings from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)
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Fearsome warriors
Lightning attacks
Longboats could sail in shallow water; swift, silent
Took slaves of women, kids; killed men; stole gold, silver
Explored vast regions; established trade
Christianity + warming trend = Vikings settled down
Other Invaders
– Magyars (nomads from Hungary)
• Invaded throughout Europe
• Excellent horsemen
• Took prisoners to sell as slaves
– Muslims
• Conquered and plundered southern Euro.
• Raided settlements on water
 All invaders struck fear in commoners in
Europe—peasants sought protection
from local rulers (thus feudalism began)
as kings couldn’t provide protection for
large areas
Feudalism
System of governing and
landholding; rights and obligations
– Made an insecure life more secure
– Had already existed in other areas
– Willing agreements btwn those in power;
peasants got dragged along………….
– A lord (landowner) granted land (fief) to
a vassal
• Vassal would give military protection and
other services in return for land
European Feudalism
Hmmm…
what am I?
King
Those who
prayed
Nobles,
Church officials
Those who
fought
Knights
Peasants
(serfs were landless and bound to the land)
Those who
worked
The Manor (lord’s estate)
I provide you protection,
and food in times of famine,
you owe your life to me—
all 35 years of it!
Relatively
self-sufficient
Onetenth of
income
is given
to me
15 – 30
families
on the
typical
manor
At least I’m not a
serf—but I still am
forced to work for
the lord a few days
each week.
The peasants taxes of
grain get dropped off
here, where I make
flour for the lord—and
everyone else.
I’m a serf—
bound to
this land
forever!
Wheat, barley, oats, rye, veggies—onions, beans, beets, etc.
Section 3: The Age of Chivalry
 By 1100s, code of conduct (chivalry)
emerged for knights/lords who were
constantly battling for power
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Knights originally armored horsemen
Modeled after Muslim cavalry
Saddles + stirrups made this possible
Lords/Kings gave knights nice pieces of land
 Knights made money off of land and could
afford good armor, weapons, horses, etc.
– Owed 40 days of combat each year
– Practice through tournaments, hunting, etc.
A Knight’s Three Masters
I must be brave when
defending my three
masters—so much to
remember and do for
this code of chivalry
Troubadours
made manor
life and
warfare sound
sooooo
romantic
You shall be
loyal, brave, and
courteous.
God
The
Knight
The
Damsel
in Distress
And
everyone
else in
distress
Viewed as
weak and allaround
inferior
Feudal
Lord
Page
Squire
Knight
Section 4: The Power of the Church
Church emerged as a powerful
institution because lords always
fighting (and no one getting the
upper hand)
– BUT, people began to question pope—
esp. on political issues
– Pope Gelasius suggests a sharing of
power between emperors and church
(pope)
– However, no one can agree on line
between church and state
The Medieval Church--Clergy
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Supervised local priests
Local priests
Administered
the sacraments
Abbots
here, too
Canon Law
The law of the church— “all” had to
abide by it
– Governed everything from daily
behavior to marriage, religious
practices, etc.
– Punishments given to offenders (who
were tried in church courts):
• Excommunication (banishment from
church)
• Interdict (stoppage of sacraments in lands
of a particular king)
Otto I
 Ruled like Charlemagne
 Close alliance with church
 Gained support of bishops
and abbots
 Defeated German princes
 Invaded Italy
 Was crowned emperor of Holy
Roman Empire by pope
– Made Germany most powerful
state in Europe  problems!!!
A map of Germany
and Italy, 1250.
After the
destructive Magyar
invasions, in the
late 10th century
Emperor Otto I laid
the foundation of a
more unified
German
government. His
successors found it
impossible to unite
the many baronial
factions until the
Holy Roman
Emperor Frederick
1, called
Barbarossa or Red
Beard, managed to
control his feudal
barons in the area
shown in brown.
However, he
overstepped
himself when he
attempted to assert
After six unsuccessful expeditions against the Italians between 1154 and 1188, he finally agreed to a
rights over the
treaty which recognized their independence but obligated them to make an annual payment to the
kingdom of Italy
emperor. His relationships with the Papal States (red) were always strained because the pope feared
(purple).
imperial interference. Frederick?s son, Henry VI, became King of Sicily (green) in 1194; the German
emperors lost that kingdom in 1268.
Debate over Lay Investiture
 Ceremony in which kings/emperors could
appoint church officials
– An especially hot topic
– Could control who became bishops!
– Pope Gregory VII banned it in 1075
• German emperor, Henry IV, met with bishops to
order Gregory to step down
• Gregory excommunicated Henry
• Henry goes to Canossa (town in Italy) and begs
forgiveness
• Gregory kept Henry waiting in snow for 3 days, but
forgave and reinstated him
• Henry went home to punish those who didn’t
“have his back” on the issue
– Concordat of Worms (1122)
• Church alone could appoint a bishop, but emperor
could veto appointment
Frederick I (German emperor)
1st to call lands “Holy Roman
Empire”
– But really a bunch of feudal territories
– Dominated German princes, but chaos
broke out whenever he left
• Went to Italy often to invade
• Italian merchants united against him
(Lombard League); pope joins them!
• Battle of Legnano (1176)
– Crossbows for 1st time; Germans didn’t stand a
chance
• Fred made peace with pope; but lost power
in Germany—Germany never had power
and land base that French and English
kings did