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THE MIDDLE AGES The Byzantine Empire Heirs of Rome Submitted to Gloucester Township Public School by Mr. C. Stephen Ingraham Part 1 by C. Stephen Ingraham Rome is gone, in the East its Byzantinum In the West it has fallen apart Fighting over icons the church divides into two parts. In Constantinople Justinian, the emperor, tries to recreate Roman glory His wife, Theodora, champions women and the poor. Muhammad worships the one god Allah Founding Islam submitting to god’s will Smashing statues in Mecca. The Muslims worship there still. With more than one successor Whose caliph? no one’s quite sure. It doesn’t matter to the Sunni; the Shiites follow the fourth caliph. Charlemagne and the Franks in France try to recreate the empire’s western part, but it becomes small kingdoms as Europe breaks apart. The serfs live on a manor Tenant farmers of a noble, who was the vassal of a king, that’s the feudal system thing. Sung to the Theme of “Gilligan’s Island” The Middle Ages Song CSI08 by C. Stephen Ingraham The crusaders are off to the Holy Lands. Fleas on rats bring the bubonic plague. Small kingdoms form Nation-States, The Magna Carta limits the king’s power, More individual freedoms, No one above the law, That’s the Middle Ages. CSI08 Sung to the Theme of “Gilligan’s Island” The Middle Ages Song Part 2 Social Studies Block #__ Name ______________________________________ Ms. Holmes & Mr. Ingraham Date __________________ Middle Ages Table of Contents 1. Middle Ages Song 2. Justinian I Looks to the Past 3. The Christian Church Divides 4. Herders and Townspeople The Essential Questions –Middle Ages What was life like during the Middle Ages? What changes in life during this period result in the rise of the middle class? How did Christianity spread during this period? How do established religions react when threatened? Why do religions splinter and what effect does that have on society? How do political, economic, social, and cultural institutions and events shape people’s way of thinking and lead to an evolving society? What were the effects of the Crusades on life in Europe? How does the social structure of the Middle Ages compare to urban and rural life in the present? How do primary and secondary sources inform us about the development and practices of society and government? CSI08 Performance Assessment – The Middle Ages Medieval Newspaper: Students will research and present a newspaper which illustrates the major contributions of the Middle Ages as well as the key events that changed the outcome of Medieval Europe. Topics to research include, but are not limited to; Medieval Castles, Medieval methods of Torture, the Crusades, the Black Death, the Magna Carta, Religion & Christianity, Heraldry, Feudalism, and the life of Medieval Men & Women. Students may have opportunities to research in class as well as create, revise, edit, and publish the newspaper articles. This project can be enriched or modified as needed for various learners in the class. An Option may be to include on topic in newspaper or research two or more topics and develop the newspaper. CSI08 Vocabulary of the Middle Ages Justinian Code – The Roman laws made simpler and more understandable by Byzantine Emperor Justinian. monopoly- complete control of the means of production. mosaics – paintings and pictures using bits and pieces of colored glass or stone. orthodox – officially accepted Christainity of the Byzantine Empire and centered in Constantinople. icons – Holy pictures of Jesus and the saints. patriarchs – Byzantine church leaders. catholic – a word meaning universal or “all embracing”. Middle Ages – The time of medieval Europe from 500 CE. - 1,500 CE. pope – the leader of the Christian church based in Rome. Christendom – the idea that all the Christians of every kingdom formed a community. crusaders – Christian volunteers who fought to free the holy land from the Seljuk Turks who were Muslim. CSI08 Feudal Vocabulary of the Middle Ages manor – a large block of land made up of forests, meadows, a church, a village, and the castle of the noble who owned it all. serfs – peasant farmers who worked the noble’s land. They were tied to the land of a Noble. tenant – someone who pays rent to the landowner. vassal – a noble who agrees to perform service for the king in time of war in exchange for use of the land. contract – a written agreement (with the king & vassal). feudal system – A system of trading protection for loyalty. bubonic plague – a sickness caused by bites from fleas on rats (also known as Black Death). nation-state – a government with a strong central government, laws, single ruler, language, customs, & standing army. CSI08 Muslim Vocabulary of the Middle Ages steppes – semi-dry plains of grass land. Qur’an – The holy book of Islam. Muslim – the religion of the followers of Muhammad’s teaching and Islam. Islam – means submitting to God’s will or following the Qur’an. caliph – A Muslim religious leader and successor to Muhammad. Shiite – Muslims who remain loyal to the descendants of the fourth caliph. Sunni – Muslims who accept the changing dynasties of caliphs or successors to Muhammad. mosques – Muslim houses of worship. minarets – towers on mosques where Muslims are called to worship five times a day. CSI08 The Byzantine Empire I. A. Justinian I Looks to the Past 1.Constantine’s Roman capital of ____________ is located in the Byzantine Empire which lasted almost 1000 years after the fall of Rome 2. The people of the Byzantine empire thought of themselves as Romans. 3.By 565 Emperor Justinian I reconquered much of the old Roman Empire. 4. Improvements to the Empire a) Justinian made a new set of laws called ____________________________ which simplified and updated the Roman Twelve Tables b) He had silkworm eggs and mulberry trees smuggled out of China to end their complete control, or ________________ , of the silk trade. c) He started a building program of new churches, roads, bridges, and aqueducts. d) He had artists make magnificent paintings and _____________, or pictures of bits of colored stone or glass. B. Theodora, Bringer of Change 1. Justinian’s wife __________________ encouraged him to make laws that were more fair to women. (property could be left to daughters) 2. She thought that people should be given jobs __________________________, not because they were born into a high social class. 3. Unlike Justinian, she worked to protect people who followed other forms of Christianity and not just the __________________, or offically accepted. The Roman Empire The Mediterranean Sea CSI08 The Byzantine Empire I. C. The Christian Church Divides 1. Religion caused much disagreement and many bitter arguments. 2. One argument centered around _______________ , or holy pictures of Jesus and the saints. a) In the eastern part of the Byzantine Empire people felt that icons were like worshiping _______________, which is forbidden in the Ten Commandments. b) In the western part of the Empire most the people could not read or write. So icons were thought of a good way to teach Christianity. 3. The Byzantine church leaders, or ________________ did not want people to use Icons. Byzantine emperor Leo order them destroyed. 4. In 1054, the Christian Church split. a) The church of Rome became the Roman Catholic, or _________ ____________________ b) The church of Constantinople became the Eastern Orthodox Church. 5. In 1453 a weaken government ended the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire Atlantic Ocean Barbaric Tribes EUROPE Western Part of the Black Sea Roman Empire ASIA Mediterranean Sea Byzantine Empire 622 CE (Eastern Part of the Roman Empire) AFRICA CSI08 A. Herders and Townspeople The Muslim Empire 1. The Arabian peninsula is two-thirds desert and the rest semi-dry, grassy plains called ___________________. 2. Herders in tribes live as______________ raising camels, sheep, & goats. 3. These tribes of Arab people were led by a _________. 4. Towns formed on fertile spots with an underground water supply. 5. Mecca was the largest town to become a city. a) There was no agriculture in the city, but it was a caravan stop over. b) It had a religious cube-shaped building called the _____________, which contained statues of the Arab gods. B. Muhammad and Islam 1. About 570 A.D. ________________ was born in a poor family in Mecca. 2. He became unhappy about his tribe’s ______________ worship. 3. In a vision an angel told him that he was a messenger to humankind. 4. The message was there is no god but God, or ________. 5. Over the next 23 years there were more messages which were put together in a holy book called the ______. 6. A _______________ is a follower of Muhammad and believes the “Qur’an” is god’s word. 7. This religion is _____________ which means“submitting to God’s Will”. 8. In 622 A.D. Muhammad leaves Mecca, but returns with other Arab tribes nine years later and destroyed all the idols in the Ka’ba. EUROPE * Constantinople Spain ASIA Syria Persia Palestine Alexandria* Arabia * Medina * Mecca AFRICA CSI08 EUROPE * Constantinople Spain ASIA Syria Persia Palestine Alexandria* Arabia * Medina * Mecca AFRICA CSI08 The Muslim Empire C. The Muslim Empire Grows 1. Muhammad spread Islam through his teaching and personal example. 2. After his death Muslim leaders chose a _____________,or “successor” to Muhammad. 3. The first caliphs united ________________ under Muslim rule. 4. They lead armies into Mesopotamia, Syria, and Egypt 5. The Muslim invaders were welcomed because of the heavy taxes and religious persecution of the Persian and Byzantine rulers. 6. By 750 A.D. the Muslim Empire reached from ____________ and North Africa through Arabia and _________________ into parts of China and the ___________________ River Valley. 7. Only the Byzantine Empire stood between the Muslim lands and Eastern ___________________. E. Divisions Within the Muslim Empire 1. The ________________ family moved the Muslim capital from Medina to Damascus, Syria.. 2. The __________ family moved the capital in 750 CE. To Baghdad. 3. Descendants of Muhammad’s daughter set up another capital in _______ . 4. The Muslim community split into several groups: a) The _______________ accepted the changing dynasties. b) The _______________ not wanting either the Umayyad or Abbasid families as rulers, remained loyal to Ali the four caliph’s descendants. Byzantine Empire Atlantic Ocean Holy Roman Empire Black Sea EUROPE ASIA Mediterranean Sea Islam around 1096 CE AFRICA CSI08 Christianity Beliefs Divisions pp. 278-9 Islam Beliefs pp. 285-6 Divisions CSI08 Europe in the Middle Ages III. A. Charlemagne Builds an Empire 1. ___________ _____ is the years from 500-1500 CE. 2. During the last days of the Roman Empire the ___________ _________ came to control much of Western Europe. 3. The most powerful tribe was the _______________ and their leader was ____________________________. a) He conquered large parts of Italy, Germany, central Europe, and Northern Spain. b) He had close ties with the ___________, the leader of the Christian church. (He defended the city of Rome) c) He set up a school to teach the Noble’s children how to rule responsibly. 4. After his death in 814 CE. Viking attacked from the North, Slavs & Magyars from the East, and Muslims from the South. The Feudal System 1) Protection 2) Taxes KING Land Fief Atlantic Ocean EUROPE Upper Nobility Upper Nobility Lower Nobility Lower Nobility Lower Nobility Lower Nobility Knights Knights Knights Knights SERFS SERFS SERFS SERFS CSI08 Europe in the Middle Ages B. Life in the Middle Ages 1. Most Europeans lived in small villages which were part of a __________, or a large block of land (made up of forests, meadows, farmland, the village, a church, and the house or castle of the noble). 2. Peasants, or ____________ , farmed the land and lived in the village. 3. They were ____________, or people who pays rent to the noble in the form of services and goods. 4. The Noble himself was a tenant of the King called a ____________, who had agreed to perform services for the king in return for being given use of the land. In a written contract he agreed to: a) fight in the King’s Army b) collect taxes. 5. This system of trading protection for loyalty became known as the ______ C. The Church and the Crusades 1. The idea that all of Europe’s separate kingdoms were united in a Christian Community is known as ___________________________. 2. In 1095 Pope Urban II called on all Christians to help seize control of the holy city of Jerusalem back from the Seljuk Turks. 3. Whole families volunteered to become ______________ marched across Europe, but many died of hunger before reaching the holy land. 4. In eight attempts thousands of Christians and Muslims died, but the Christian never gained control of Jerusalem. The Crusades 1) 2) 3) 4) EUROPE 1096-1099 CE. 1147-1149 CE. 1189-1192 CE. 1202-1204 CE. 2 * Constantinople 1 Spain 4 ASIA * Antioch Syria 3 Persia Palestine * Jerusalem Alexandria* Arabia * Medina * Mecca AFRICA CSI08 D. Disaster and Change Europe in the Middle Ages 1. European cities became _________________ and _____________ places. 2. Streets were full of people, animal, and garbage.. 3. In the 1340s a deadly sickness called the Black death or the _______________ ______________ hit Europe, caused by the bites of fleas on rats. 4. One fourth of the people died. 5. The Europeans who survived blamed their kings and the popes for not being able to stop the plague. E. The Rise of Nation-States 1. Kings begin to take authority away from the nobles and church leaders. 2. __________-________, or strong central government with a single king, began to form in many parts of Europe. 3.Each of these governments had: a) their own laws b) leaders c) full-time army d) language e) culture and customs Byzantine Empire Atlantic Ocean France EUROPE Black Sea ASIA Spain Mediterranean Sea The Rise of the Nation-States Strong Central Government, ruler, laws, full time army, common language, & customs. AFRICA CSI08 The Magna Carta In 1215 the Nobles presented King John of England with a list of 63 demands. In forcing the monarch to sign this contract he now had to accept responsibility for his actions and he had to obey the laws like everyone else. The king was also required to have the general consent of the realm before ordering new taxes. The nobles while trying to protect themselves also protected the freedoms of everyone in England. For example the Magna Carta gave the people the right to a trial by jury. This right is guaranteed to Americans today in the United States Constitution. CSI08 Early Egypt Song Sung to “Mary has a little Lamb” The Nile River gives Egypt life Water for the crops And fertile silt King Narmer unites us all Upper and lower Egypt Our pharaoh is the son of Ra Pharaoh Zoser asked Imhotep To build a pyramid For his tomb and decorate it with Hieroglyphics and gold. The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham Amenemhet becomes the pharaoh He conquers Nubia and Kush is tamed. Merchants and craftworkers Form the middle class. Pharaoh Thutmose crushed the Hyksos. Egypt extends to the Fertile Crescent But Amenhotep and Nefertiti Want all to worship the one god, Aton, But the boy King Tut changes that (and that’s a chapter three fact.) By Mr. Ingraham CSI08 The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham You take the Minoans / On the island of Crete They were seafaring traders / They were peaceful and sweet They traded olive oil, wool, and pottery. That’s what they’re all about! –(clap). Chorus: Tragedies are serious Comedies are humorous, Democracy is for us, Greek culture is all about us! -(Clap, Clap). You take the Mycenaeans / On the mountainous pelopennesus They were a warlike people / Their wealth was a weapon census. They borrowed writing, customs, and religious beliefs. When they invaded Crete. –(clap). They tell of Homer’s epic poem / about the beautiful Helen, Who was kidnapped to Troy / all the Greeks started yelling. They fought for ten years, then tried the Trojan horse trick That’s the only way they could win. –(clap). CSI08 The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham The city-state of Sparta / was afraid of their slaves. So at seven boys & girls / left for camp with many a waves To live and die with honor was the Spartan way Obedience is what it’s all about. –(clap). Chorus: Tragedies are serious Comedies are humorous, Democracy is for us, Greek culture is all about us! -(Clap, Clap). In the city-state of Athens / 20 year old males could vote, But no women or slaves. / They could only carry and tote. Democracy, majority rule, Pericles, and Herodotus. Hippocrates says illness is all about us. –(clap). CSI08 The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham Let me tell you of a civilization Sung to the tune of “The Brady Bunch” Sumer, Sumer was its name It was between the Tigris and Euphrates, but it was not alone. There came along a mighty king, Sargon, the Akkadian was the name. He united all who feared him. You join or you’re insane. Still later came King Hammurabi With his mighty long code of laws. Even later came the Assyrian Army Led by Sennacherib the “destroyer”, Who crushed and killed And stole until the Persian came along and conquered him. The Persians set out / to conquer everything in sight, Chorus: But the Greeks wouldn’t give up / and united for a fight. Tragedies are serious Both Darius and son, Xerxes both did try. Comedies are humorous, Many Persians had to die. –(clap). Democracy is for us, Alexander’s father died / so Macedonia wasn’t so great. Greek culture is all about us! To conquer the known world / would be Alexander’s fate. Around the Mediterranean he never lost a battle. Spreading Greek culture all about. –(clap) CSI08 The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham The Patricians founded Rome along the Tiber river on the Italian peninsula. They elected senators Who elected two consuls And in case of emergency And appointed a dictator for everyone to see. Chorus: Oh Roman artists copy Greek Philosophy, writing, and art The Greek and the Roman gods you can’t tell them apart. Gladiators fight to the death while all the Romans cheer. Aqueducts will bring in water if no water’s near. The Patrician excluded the Plebeians, but after they threaten to leave, the Plebeians elected ten tribunes, who had the veto power. Julius Caesar tried to help the poor, but the Senate stabbed him in the back. Even his best friend, Oh what do you think of that? CSI08 The Ancient Civilizations Song by C. Stephen Ingraham Octavian and Mark Antony Divide up the Roman empire, but Cleopatra loved Mark Antony and they decided to set up their own kingdom. Octavian became Augustus after defeating them. He was Rome’s first Emperor, but the citizens still thought they had a Republic. Chorus: Oh Roman artists copy Greek Philosophy, writing, and art The Greek and the Roman gods you can’t tell them apart. Gladiators fight to the death while all the Romans cheer. Aqueducts will bring in water if no water’s near. Some Hebrews thought that Jesus was the messiah. He said he was God’s son; His kingdom it would come. The twelve apostles and St. Paul spread the good news He had to say. Constantine painted crosses on his shields and Christianity saved the day!!! CSI08 Part 1 by C. Stephen Ingraham Rome is gone, in the East its Byzantinum In the West it has fallen apart Fighting over icons the church divides into two parts. In Constantinople Justinian, the emperor, tries to recreate Roman glory His wife, Theodora, champions women and the poor. Muhammad worships the one god Allah Founding Islam submitting to god’s will Smashing statues in Mecca. The Muslims worship there still. With more than one successor Whose caliph? no one’s quite sure. It doesn’t matter to the Sunni; the Shiites follow the fourth caliph. Charlemagne and the Franks in France try to recreate the empire’s western part, but it becomes small kingdoms as Europe breaks apart. The serfs live on a manor Tenant farmers of a noble, who was the vassal of a king, that’s the feudal system thing. Sung to the Theme of “Gilligan’s Island” The Middle Ages Song CSI08 by C. Stephen Ingraham The crusaders are off to the Holy Lands. Fleas on rats bring the bubonic plague. Small kingdoms form Nation-States, The Magna Carta limits the king’s power, More individual freedoms, No one above the law, That’s the Middle Ages. CSI08 Sung to the Theme of “Gilligan’s Island” The Middle Ages Song Part 2 CSI08 The Muslim Empire II. B. Muhammad and Islam 1. In about 570 A.D. ________________________ was born in a poor, but important family in Mecca. 2. He became unhappy about his tribe’s ______________ worship. 3. In a vision the angel _________________ told him that he was a messenger to humankind. 4. The message was there is no god but God, or ________. 5. Over the next 23 years there were more messages which were put together in a holy book called the ______. 6. A _______________ is a follower of Muhammad and believes the “Qur’an” is god’s word. 7. This religion becomes _______________ which means “submitting to God’s Will”. 8. In 622 A.D. Muhammad leaves Mecca, but returns with other Arab tribes nine years later and destroyed all the idols in the Ka’ba. II. The Muslim Empire E. Divisions Within the Muslim Empire 1. After his death Muslim leaders chose a _____________, or “successor” to Muhammad. 2. The ________________ family moved the Muslim capital from Medina to Damascus, Syria.. 3. The __________ family moved the capital in 750 CE. To Baghdad. 4. Descendants of Muhammad’s daughter set up another capital in _________________, ____________. 5. The Muslim community split into several groups: a) The _______________ accepted the changing dynasties. b) The _______________ not wanting either the Umayyad or Abbasid families as rulers, remained loyal to Ali the four caliph’s descendants. Europe in the Middle Ages III. E. The Rise of Nation-States 1. Kings begin to take authority away from the nobles and church leaders. 2. __________-________, or strong central government with a single king, began to form in many parts of Europe. 3.Each of these governments had: a) their own laws b) leaders c) full-time army d) language e) culture and customs CSI08 Europe in the Middle Ages III. C. The Church and the Crusades 1. The idea that all of Europe’s separate kingdoms were united in a Christian Community is known as ___________________________. 2. In 1095 Pope Urban II called on all Christians to help seize control of the holy city of Jerusalem back from the Seljuk Turks. 3. Whole families volunteered to become ______________ marched across Europe, but many died of hunger before reaching the holy land. 4. In eight attempts thousands of Christians and Muslims died, but the Christian never gained control of Jerusalem.