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Chapter 2: Life in Europe Life in Middle Ages vs. Life in the Renaissance What did Europe look like in Middle Ages? Middle Ages: (Europe in the 4th - 14th centuries) Connecting to last year: Middle Ages start after fall of the Roman Empire Feudal society (everyone has a master but the king and the Pope) Catholic church had absolute power Little new knowledge, science, art Feudalism In Early Middle Ages, there were not kings. There were many nobles fighting for power. By later Middle Ages, the most successful nobles became Kings of nations. Life on a Manor A castle.. Government Powerful kings ruled - absolute authority Their advisors carried out laws Disobedience meant prison or death Very high taxes on the poor, had to pay with cash or land England is different- taxes not so bad… Farming Agriculture in Europe since pre-Roman times Grew grains (wheat, barley, rye), and legumes (beans) Cities Beautiful, powerful, crowded, filthy Powerful cities due to trade &/or having a cathedral Venice, Florence, Paris, Rome, London Cities were centers for merchants, religious beliefs, education Also where diseases spread most quickly The Black Death The best summary of Black Plague Trade and Money Every country had its own currency gold and silver coins Jewels also valued Trade existed throughout Europe Bad roads, boats could sink Venice most powerful merchant city - traded with Asia (silks, spices) Marco Polo went to Asia in 1271, opened up that continent for trade but few had read about his travels Religion in Middle Ages Europe Connecting to Last Year: Emperor Constantine becomes the first Christian Roman Emperor in 307AD As Rome falls, power of Catholic church Rises even more Pope was most important leader. Claimed that as god’s representative on Earth, he even had power/influence over kings Europe not 100% Catholic, but closestill Jews, Muslims, and some who followed ancient Roman Gods Late Middle Ages Not all bad 1215: Magna Carta written: a document that gave English people rights and limited the rights of king in Marco Polo’s 1271- 1294 Marco Polo goes to China via the Silk Road with uncles. 1400’s: After black death, economy eventually recovers and many areas (especially some Italian cities) get rich from trade. What is a Renaissance? Renaissance means “rebirth” Can be used to discuss a specific time and place-Europe in the 15th- 17th centuries EX: “The Renaissance was an exciting time for artists in Europe.” Can be used more generally to discuss the rebirth of anything “EX: The Red Sox 2004 World Series victory after 86 years of losing created a renaissance in Boston fan pride.” How does the Renaissance change life? New Farming Techniques: Plow used (came from China) Horses helped plow 3 field crop rotation kept fields fertile Cleared many fields for sheep pasture - no longer overcrowded land New Religion Corrupt Catholic Church questioned by Martin Luther Protestors (reformers) rejected Pope’s authority New Protestant churches divided European church (lots of arguing) Jews, Muslims sometimes faced harsh(er) treatment New Art Art still to honor and to serve God, but also to celebrate humans Art became more nuanced – human form studied Painting, sculpture, architecture, music Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci The School at Athens, with lines to show perspective New Education & Science Many universities (Oxford, University of Paris, etc.) shifted focus from religious training to natural sciences New inventions New Ideas Scientists needed patrons (someone wealthy to pay for their research) Johannes Gutenburg – invented printing press (1430’s) Copernicus, then Galileo – proved earth revolves around sun (Church made Galileo recant his “heretical” ideas) Explosion of information Printing press means more books available for cheaper prices lower classes can read! New tools for exploration More accurate compasses: helped sailors know direction Astrolabes: helped sailors know distance North/South of equator (longitude) Knowing location East-West (latitude) was still quite difficult QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . How this all comes together Info about riches in China New travel technology Frustration with land route to Asia Columbus and other explorers try new sea routes to Asia Willingness to experiment