Download The Reformation

The Reformation
Late Medieval Religion
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The Late Medieval Church and Spirituality
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Reputation for corruption
Bad “isms”…
 “Worldly” popes and clergy
 “Ignorance”
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Yet thriving!
Mysticism
 Lay devotion
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Late Medieval Religion
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Salvation and Authority
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Salvation something to “achieve” through
“good works”
Authority
Sacred Scripture
 Tradition of the Church
 Popes and councils
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Late Medieval Religion
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Indulgences
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Began as monetary
gifts
Became means of
relaxing penance
“Treasury of Merits”
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Pope can distribute
merit to Christians by
indulgences
Can lessen time in
Purgatory!
Indulgence preaching
Late Medieval Religion
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Construction of ST. PETER’S BASILICA, Rome
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Indulgence sales  rebuilding process
Late Medieval Religion
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Questions?
Launching the Reformation
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Martin Luther
(1483-1546)
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From Saxony, HRE
“Lightning storm”  joined
Augustinian Order (1505)
Tortured soul in monastery
Sent to Wittenberg
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Earned doctorate in
theology
Popular professor,
preacher
Studied Bible in depth
Launching the Reformation
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Luther’s New Beliefs
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God is righteous, but
gracious
Humanity does not
deserve grace, but is
“given” it
“The righteous man
shall live by faith”
(Romans 1:17)
Launching the Reformation
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The Indulgence
Controversy
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Luther aware of indulgence
preachers
Penned Ninety-five Theses
(1517)
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Attacked “abuses” in
indulgence sales
Nailed to Castle Church
Door?
Document  very popular,
controversial
Launching the Reformation
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Luther the Rebel
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Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be
excommunicated!
Luther’s Revolutionary Ideas
SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”)
 SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”)
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“PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS”
 Two sacraments
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Launching the Reformation
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The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521)
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Church and emperor wanted resolution!
Luther given safe conduct
Asked to recant  “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…”
Launching the Reformation
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Questions?
Reformation Elsewhere
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John Calvin (1509-1564)
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Major Reformed leader
Based in Geneva
INSTITUTES OF THE
CHRISTIAN RELIGION
(1559)
Major Teachings
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Majesty of God
Depravity of humanity
Centrality of faith and the
Word
Predestination
Reformation Elsewhere
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Geneva under Calvin
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Had to work with city government
Service of preaching, prayer, singing
Discipline was strictly enforced
No “immorality”
 “You can do anything you want in Geneva as long
as you don’t enjoy it.”
 Many resented Calvin
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Relief was provided to poor
Reformation Elsewhere
Reformation Elsewhere
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The Anabaptists
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Beliefs
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Believer’s Baptism
Hands off for state!
Pacifism
Outside mainstream of
church and society
Perceived as threat 
persecuted
Reformation Elsewhere
Reformation Elsewhere
Reformation Elsewhere
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The English Reformation
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King Henry VIII
(r. 1509-1547)
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Henry and Catherine of
Aragon
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Renaissance prince
Loyal Catholic
Married (1509)  happy
marriage
But no surviving male heirs!
The “Great Matter”
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Henry wanted a divorce
(1527)
Pope would not grant it
Henry fell in love with Anne
Boleyn
Reformation Elsewhere
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A Legal Reformation
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Parliament was on board
English ties to Rome severed in 1533
The Divorce and Marriage
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Marriage to Catherine was dissolved
Henry and Anne were married (June 1533)
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One daughter: Elizabeth
ACT OF SUPREMACY
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Henry VIII was declared “Supreme Head of the Church of
England”
Reformation Elsewhere
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Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
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Succeeded to throne after
brother and sister
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Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
Mary I (r. 1553-58)
Sympathetic to
Protestantism
Religious question must be
dealt with!
Best method: compromise
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Goal  “centrist
Protestant”
Reformation Elsewhere
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The Elizabethan
Religious Settlement
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Act of Supremacy (1559)
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Elizabeth  “supreme
governor” of realm and
Church
Traits of Church
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Centrist Protestant
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Protestant doctrine
Traditional in celebration,
organization
Book of Common Prayer
Still did not please
everyone…
Reformation Elsewhere
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Questions?
Early Modern Catholicism
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The Response of the Roman Church
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Protestant Reformation  major loss to
Church
What next?
Church had to reform itself
 Church had to respond to Protestant “heretics”
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Early Modern Catholicism
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The Capuchins
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Reformed branch of Franciscan Order
Embraced absolute poverty
Duties of Capuchins
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Preachers
Missionaries
Chaplains
Lorenzo da Brindisi at the
Battle of Székesfehérvár (1601)
Early Modern Catholicism
Early Modern Catholicism
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The Society of Jesus
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Founder: Ignatius of
Loyola (1491-1556)
Most influential new
order
Duties of Jesuits
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Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
before Pope Paul III
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Offered services to
papacy
Missionaries
Educators
Early Modern Catholicism
Early Modern Catholicism
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Papal Leadership in Reform
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Some “holy” popes
Roman Inquisition (1542)
INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)
Early Modern Catholicism
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Council of Trent
(1545-1563)
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Reform
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Doctrine
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Reformed clergy, religious
orders
Diocesan seminaries
SCRIPTURE AND
TRADITION
Seven sacraments
Justification BY FAITH
AND WORKS
Bishops expected to
implement in dioceses
Early Modern Catholicism
St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
(consecrated 1626)
Bernini, St. Peter’s Square (1656-1667)
Early Modern Catholicism
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Questions?
The Reformation
The Reformation
What made Protestants different from
Catholics?
 What were some of the differences among
Protestants?
 Do we still see aftereffects of the
Reformations today?
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