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Early Middle Ages - Europe Do Now What does the term “Dark Ages” imply? What connotation does it have? Positive or negative? Does the term contain bias? Dark Ages A historical period First part of the Middle Ages Early Middle Ages (Dark Ages): 5th c. – 10th c. High Middle Ages: 11th c. – 13th c. Late Middle Ages: 14th c. – 16th c. Dark Ages Following the collapse of the Roman Empire (476), Europe declined culturally and economically Refers to Western Europe “Dark” because of bad times Also “dark” because we don’t have as much information about this period of time Characteristics of this time period Population declined Trade declined Increased immigration Byzantine flourished as did Islamic caliphates In 800 Charlemagne brings back the “emperor” Viking expansion Refresh on decline of Rome Weak leaders, invasions, poor economy, etc. Diocletian splits empire 284-305 Constantine in Eastern Empire (Byzantine) 476 Germanic soldier Odoacer overthrows last emperor in West (Rome) But wait! Before we start down that path, we need to make sure we understand the spread of Christianity in Western Europe Definitions & Church hierarchy Clergy: body of people ordained for religious duties Priest: minister who performs most day-to-day Church activities; priests are usually associated with a specific church or church organization, has authority to perform rites and administer sacraments Bishop: priest in charge of a particular region (diocese) or church government post Diocese: a district under the pastoral care of a Christian bishop Cathedral: The principal church of a diocese with which the bishop is officially associated Archbishop: The chief bishop responsible for an archdiocese ◦ Supervisor of a large region or major city ◦ Archdiocese: the district for which an archbishop is responsible Patriarch: an ancestral father of Judaism/fathers of Church Pope: leader of the Catholic Church; directs Church policy Missionaries: a person sent on a religions mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country Cardinal: appointed by the Pope; they both advise the Pope and select the Pope’s successor when he dies Catholic Church Hierarchy The Pope Cardinals Archbishops Bishops Priests Why is the Church so important? Church was unifying element after the fall of Rome Acted as a government (taxed, etc.) Germanic Groups in th 6 c. Visigoths – Spain Burgundians, Franks – France Ostrogoths – Southern Germany, Eastern Europe Lombards – Northern Italy Anglo-Saxons - Britain Europe in th 6 c. Germanic groups begin to settle, form farming communities Illiterate farmers Isolated villages Agriculture Farmers grouped together for protection Warfare was common Spreading Christianity Groups of people convert ◦ Anglo-Saxons & Franks Missionaries ◦ St. Patrick Theologians (explain differences in religious beliefs) ◦ Augustine, City of God Monasticism Anglo-Saxons Angles & Saxons move from Germany England, 400s Est. 7 indep. Kingdoms, called Anglo-Saxon Augustine of Canterbury begins to spread Christianity. Starts in Kent, spreads throughout country. Alfred the Great unifies England Franks Another Germanic kingdom that settled in France/Germany Controlled large territory, aggressive group Clovis was leader – opposed Christianity for a long time Finally, after winning a battle he converts Franks Helps spread of Christianity in a big way b/c he controlled so much land/ppl Take away point: Conversion of people like Anglo-Saxons and Franks helped spread Christianity throughout Western Europe Missionaries St. Patrick Went from Britain to Ireland to spread the word of God By his death, nearly all of Ireland was Christian Theologians Theology: the study of the nature of God Theologian: An expert in theology Augustine City of God ◦ Focus on God, not worldly or materialistic things Monasticism Monasticism: form of religious life, usually conducted in a community under common rule and includes vows of poverty & obedience Two major monasteries during this time period ◦ Benedictine ◦ Celtic Benedictine Monasteries Life = prayer & labor Labor included copying manuscripts & farming Abbot: leader within the monastery Monasteries helped education ◦ Ran schools ◦ Preserved knowledge (w/ manuscripts) Often got pulled into local politics Celtic Monasteries Developed in Ireland More severe and ascetic than Benedictine Fasting & long hours/days of prayer Believed in isolation Strengthening the Papacy At beg. Of Middle Ages the Pope doesn’t have much power Until…Gregory the Great ◦ Strengthened Canon Law (or Church Law) ◦ Encouraged missionary work ◦ Monasticism ◦ Gave more power to Pope Charlemagne See pg. 374-376 Start at “Charlemagne’s Rise to Power” Read & discuss the following questions 1. What were Charlemagne’s major contributions to society? 2. What was Charlemagne’s relationship with the Church like? His point of view on religion? Charlemagne Charles the Great, leader of the Franks Defeated people, incorporated their land Expands power & influence & size of kingdom Pope Leo III often needed Charlemagne’s help Charlemagne The Pope named him Emperor of the Roman People (800) ◦ Restored the glory of the Holy Roman Empire ◦ He had backing of God and Church Charlemagne’s Rule Politics: unified Europe Education: built schools (Sacre Charlemagne!) Religion: Spread Christianity among conquered people Law: developed a written legal code "Sacré Charlemagne" Who had this crazy idea To invent the school one day? Who had this crazy idea To invent the school one day? It's... this... sacred Charlemagne Sacred Charlemagne! Allow us to live On Thursdays as on Sundays Allow us to live On Thursdays as on Sundays It's... this... sacred Charlemagne Sacred Charlemagne! Sacre Charlemagne The Vikings!! Europe after Charlemagne The Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne’s empire between his feuding grandsons Political instability divided the land Meanwhile, to the north… The Norsemen Originally from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden) Spoke language known as Old Norse Who were the Vikings? Norseman raiders who came by sea or up rivers Attacked and seized treasures from monasteries, towns, and churches But a-viking was really just a summer job… Who were the Vikings? There was never a single “Viking” culture Most were farmers, fisherman, traders or skilled craftsmen A successful conquest could bring raiders political power at home Viking Age began around 750 AD and ended about 300 years later with the Norman conquest of England What caused the raids? Increased wealth and trading within Europe ◦ **Especially monasteries and churches Political unrest and warfare in Europe Over-population in Scandinavia (food shortages) Their longships Relationship with Charlemagne The Longship Possibly the best and fastest ships in the world at the time Known to be able to: ◦ Navigate shallow water ◦ Make beach landings ◦ Be carried over land ◦ Reverse direction Relationship with Charlemagne Charlemagne forced everyone to Christianize, used terror As a result, Vikings and other pagans wanted revenge Pagans: follows a polytheistic religion, or something other than monotheistic religion such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam ◦ Used negatively in the past “one who has little or no religion” Only one theory See the map of pg. 380 Where did Vikings invade? Why did target monasteries? Weapons & Armor Defensive – shields, thick padding, mail armor, and helmets Offensive weapons – sword, battleaxe and spear What ended the Viking Age? “The end probably came about as a result of tired Vikings who had become citizens of many places in Europe. They had become Christians back in their homelands, kings had evolved and were instituting taxes, and the economy had become such that you could get along much better as a trader rather than as a raider. The force of Viking onslaughts had caused European kingdoms to become centralized and focused. They had basically gotten their act together, learning how to defend themselves and to gain by trading and negotiating with the Vikings rather than just trying to fight them.” -William Fitzhugh National Museum of Natural History Viking Quest! 1. First, give yourself a Viking name. ◦ “Last name” based on father’s first name + “son” or “dottir” 2. Old Scandinavians often had nicknames based on something about the person (ex: Erik the Red, or Olaf the Quiet). Give yourself a Scandinavian nickname. 3. Prepare for conquest! http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/launch_gms_ viking_quest.shtml Roles Two vote counters Recorder Narrator(s) Viking Quest Highest score??? 2015 A block – 815? B block – 770? D block – 2016 D block- 196 , 675 A block - 778 B block - 878 Feudalism Feudalism Dominant social system in medieval Europe Exchanging land for service = feudal system In part, feudalism came about because of the viking invasions ◦ How so? Kings couldn’t defend land Nobles had to figure out how to defend their own land Built castles on hilltops Feudalism Nobles needed soldiers to defend these castles Knights = best soldiers ◦ Given land for their services ◦ Land given to a knight for his service = fief ◦ Anyone who accepts a fief was called a vassal (gives fief = lord) Noble (or Lord) gives fief (or land) to a Knight (or vassal) for his services (he’s protecting the noble/lord) Feudalism Oath of Fealty – promise of loyalty ◦ For ex. Knight promised to remain loyal to his lord, provide military service A knight had to give $ to Lord sometimes ◦ Special occasions, ransom for his release Lord had to be fair to knights Feudalism Sayyyyy whaaatttt?! Very complex system 1. Sometimes people were a lord & a vassal at the same time 2. One knight could serve many lords 3. Duties were different – time & place Manorial System Manor = large estate Feudal system linked to manorial system Knights too busy defending the land to work it Peasants provide labor & farming to Knight/lord in exchange for protection & own plot of land Serfs Most peasants on a manor were serfs ◦Serfs = legally tied to manor ◦Not slaves (could not be sold) ◦However, not free to leave manor without lord’s position ◦Serfdom was also hereditary Manorial System Manors also had some free people ◦ Blacksmiths ◦ Priests Can you explain it back? Draw it? Act it out? Refresh Feudalism Difference between manorial system/feudalism Question we are answering today: How did Popes gain political authority? How did Church gain power? Gregory the Great strengthened Papacy 590-604 Rise of feudalism - easier for corruption in church The Scope of Church Authority Church’s authority both religious and political All Christians subject to canon law (law of the Church) Threat of excommunication was used to hold power over political rulers Greater threat of interdict (sacraments could not be performed on ruler’s land) Weak & Corrupt Popes For many years before 1000, this powerful position was held by wealthy nobles, not religious men Bishops were the real religious leaders Bishops were appointed by high nobles of their regions Therefore, bishops owed their authority to those high nobles, corruption was rampant Corruption in the Church Pope Leo IX elected in 1049, attempts to reform the corruptions he sees in the church Church Problems included: ◦ Simony (buying & selling of church offices) ◦ Lay investiture (appointment of church officials by feudal lords & vassals) ◦ Selling Indulgences ◦ Charging to see Relics ◦ Many village priests were married & had families Reform and Church reorganization began to spread between 1000 – 1300 to restore power, authority, and principles to the Church Not everyone likes the reform Remember the Great Schism of 1054? Emperor Leo III (Eastern Empire) – Orthodox Pope Leo IX (Western) – Roman Catholic The Catholic Church Expands Its Power The Church becomes more of a political entity Struggles with monarchs over lay investiture ◦ Appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals ◦ Gregory VII and Henry IV Expanded land ownership Pope Gregory VII Henry IV of Germany Asserting Papal Power 1075 Pope Gregory VII opposed Henry IV’s choice of bishop Pope Gregory: Get rid of that bishop! Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV: No way, you can’t tell me or anyone else what to do! Pope G: You are excommunicated!!! Poof! We will replace you with someone else. Henry IV: Oh shoot….(stands out in snow for three days) please forgive me Pope G: Ok fine, but never forget the power & influence I have!! Popes have power to 1. Head communities of churches and courts 2. Rule territories 3. Raise armies Monasticism also reformed.. Cluny – France, Monks who wished to return to Benedictine roots, lived strictly according to Benedictine rule Cistercian – stricter, big estates outside of town, isolated, undecorated and unheated Hermits! Age of Faith Reforms were largely successful Collection of tithes – one-tenth (10%) of the income for Christian families Church provided social services (care for sick and poor, hospitals) Wealth and central role of Church evident in the building of cathedrals, and calling of Crusades Church Power Stations Activity With your group, work through the 4 documents that discuss the power of the Church during the Middle Ages. - Read aloud! - Ask questions! - Provide detailed answers!