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Transcript
MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.) What were the Middle Ages? • • • • • …the era between 500 to 1350 a.d. …known as “Dark Ages” or “Medieval Era” …after downfall of Romans, barbarian tribes plundered European countryside …West – splintered remains of classical world …East – wealthy with Byzantine and Muslim influences •…violence and chaos reigned, but loyalties and changes took hold. •…the time period in which classical influences from Greece and Rome were temporarily lost to the general populace; which created an environment of ignorance, corruption and violence. •…”fend for yourself” or “die”. •…the Franks became the most influential of the barbarian tribes in modern-day Germany and France. Where did the Middle Ages begin? Who helped to create the Middle Ages? Frankish leaders Clovis • Around 481 a.d. • No conscience, brutal, violent and cruel • Supported Christianity • Name of the “Franks” Pepin II • Around 700 a.d. • “Mayor of the Palace” • Created hereditary leadership for medieval world Charles Martel • Known as “the Hammer” • Around 732 a.d. • Stopped Muslim advance into Western Europe • Removed threat of Islamic ideas in Christian lands Pepin III • Known as “the Short” • Around 760 a.d. • Crowned by Pope (with the grace of God) • Pope’s gain spiritual and political power • “Donation of Pepin” • Formation of alliance between church and state Charlemagne • 768 – 814 a.d. • Greatest king of Medieval Europe • Intelligent, religious and had little formal education • Conquered, united and maintained an empire in Western Europe • Title of “Emperor of the Romans” (close ties between Franks and church) Charlemagne’s system of government… •100’s of regions ruled by a Count •Each region possessed its own military of armed knights, laws and lands •Capital at Aachen (modern-day Germany) •Usage of Missi Dominici, who were the “eyes and ears of the king” •Little to no taxes •Every individual was to contribute to the kingdom in his or her own way Charlemagne’s beliefs about education… •Create schools to educate all in one fashion or another •Scholars would be used from all over Europe •Produce a usable, vernacular-translated Bible •Create libraries and encourage the copying of religious texts to promote literacy •Christianity based •Convert to Frankish and Christian ways - accept baptism in Christianity - or be executed When Charlemagne’s kingdom was torn apart by internal strife,… it opened the door for another “barbarian people” to influence the European continent… they were the… VIKINGS Who were the Vikings? • • • • Most feared of all European invaders in the 800’s and 900’s a.d. From Scandinavia, not Minnesootaaah! Known as “Vikings, Danes, North men or Norse men” Misunderstood throughout history, as the label of violent and crude was only one aspect of Viking society. The Vikings were a significant reason why medieval society survived and thrived throughout its difficult existence… without the Vikings, the assimilated, multi-cultural society that would develop in Europe would never have been. To deal with the ever-changing violence of medieval life, two distinct ways of survival developed to maintain a sense of organization and to help protect individual kingdoms. They were feudalism and manorialism. Feudal System DESCRIPTION OF FEUDAL SYSTEM pp. 186 – 190 READ, READ, READ Manor System Other important influences on the Middle Ages… The Church… Medieval Church… •…became the backbone of society, as Christianity was the core of most medieval lives •…administered the sacraments and led life by example •…belief that faith in Christ, living a life of morality and participation in the sacraments would lead to salvation •…was main “rival” of kings, as both desired similar things during this era – such as land, influence, titles, money, power, etc Medieval Church Pope "Spiritual and Secular leader of the Christian Church" Curia "advisors to the Pope" "very influential" known as Cardinals Archbishops "regional supervisors" Bishops "local supervisors" Priests "administered the sacraments" "teaching about livlihood and morality" Monks/Nuns "provided basic social services" "hospitality, providers, educators" • …creation of monasteries and convents • …became a spiritual and secular power • …rising conflict between “secular kings” and “papal supremacy” (would lead to difficult times between kings and popes) Medieval society… • • • • • • • • Cultural Entertainment and games Festivals and celebrations Superstitions Coats of Arms Weapons Tortures Oddities of Medieval life… 12th, 13th and 14th Centuries The code of conduct during the Medieval Era was called… Chivalry Characteristics of chivalry… • A code of conduct for knights and nobility • “simply complex” • Proof of worthiness, loyalty, courtesy, personal, selective respect and arrogance • Coat of arms and standards • Basis for medieval behavior • Applied only to nobility, not commoners! Entertainment and Games… • Bear baiting, gambling, cock fighting, drinking, songs, dance, chess, jousting, sword fighting, theater, jugglers, story telling, art, church festivals, marriage or funeral processions, poetry, music, acrobats, performing animals, plays, bonfires, sports, tournaments, archery, hunting, falconry, melees… Also, a major development in the Middle Ages… Towns during the Middle Ages… • Centrally located, crowded, dirty, cramped conditions, disease, fire, smelly, organized chaos and all sorts of people • Development of trade routes and trade organizations, called “leagues” • Vernacular languages (local dialects/slang was used) • Development of educational institutions in Paris, Oxford, Bologna and Salerno…better known as universities • Towns/cities led to – 1) Freedom and more rights 2) Exempt Status (a year/a day) 3) Town Justice 4) Commercial Privileges • A new mentality will arise in towns/cities, as the common people will gain more prestige, confidence and rights in society Weapons… …in-class presentation Growth during the Middle Ages … •development of “common law” – laws that apply to everyone…representative assemblies of the people. •Magna Carta (1215) – kings can not rule as they please; creation of “due process of law”; legal equality; everyone must obey the law. •rising conflict between spiritual leadership (pope) and secular leadership (king) over who holds real “power” throughout the medieval era. •Growth brought problems – jealousy, greed, disease, overcrowding, inflation…benefits – equality, opportunity, learning, “global mentality” Other medieval events… •Agricultural Revolution – inventions/innovations to improve farming – iron plows, harnesses for horses instead of oxen, windmills, 3-field system •Commercial Revolution -- $ (or capital) was needed for investments, partnerships/guilds (union), insurance on business ventures, bill of exchange, tenant farmers, creation of a middle class, rise of usury ($ loans) (Jewish stereotype) •Revival of trade – demand for needed/exotic items intensified, trade companies/routes, trade fairs, creation of medieval cities/towns, usage of What were the Crusades? •Christian efforts to recapture the “holy land” from Muslim control •Unite Christians with a common sense of “cause” under “papal” leadership • “God wills it!”, Pope Urban II and Innocent III Effects of the Crusades… • Bitter hatred between Islam and Christianity • Social improvements from cultural exchange • Luxury trade goods – fabrics, spices, perfumes • Increased trade – sugar, cotton, rice, knowledge, technology • “assimilation” • Development of money economies • Feudalism declines because of city influence • Tension between kings and popes – who will hold power over the people? • Foreign travels to the East – Marco Polo • Expanded medieval horizons (curiosity) • Inquisition – Church persecutions for control Black Death… •What was it? A disease spread by fleas on rats •Types? Bubonic and Pneumonic •Effect on society? Killed 1/3 to ½ of the population of Europe All events and actions of the Middle Ages are leading to… • • • • • • • the creation of new ideas and curiosity the development of towns and cities a re-focus on learning a global mentality a community sense, based on Christian ideas a renewed pride in European society and human capabilities an opportunistic attitude about the world at large MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.)