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Early Middle Ages, Key People, Events, Feudalism Art and Architecture of the Middle Ages /Renaissance Eastern and Western Empires Part 1 - Early Middle Ages Effects of the Fall of Rome’s Central Government 1. Decline of Civilization – Unifying Hegemony (Influence of power and culture) of Rome is gone 2. People flee cities due to neglect and invasions. Many move to the country to seek protection 3. Roads and public works fall into disrepair and are not protected. 4. Trade decreases Trade routes no longer controlled by Rome 5. Classical learning is kept in the church. Language of the Church is in Latin which was not the language of the common person 6. Once powerful uniting central Gov. of Rome is replaced with feudalism • Middle Ages: The period between ancient times and modern times during A.D. 476–1500 476 AD with the official fall of the Roman Empire marks the start of the Middle Ages Medieval – from the Latin Mid Avum meaning Middle Ages Medieval refers to life and culture during the Middle Ages • Charles Martel – a Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France and Western Europe in the. Battle of Tours 732 AD Early Middle Age Figures After winning a battle in 496, King Clovis, First King to convert to Christianity, established a Christian kingdom in Western Europe. It was one of many kingdoms that developed when Roman authority collapsed. • Charlemagne 724 – 814 AD – the grandson of Charles Martel briefly united Western Europe building an empire stretching across France and Germany • Vikings – Expert sailors from Scandinavia who raided European river towns starting in the late 700s What replaced the Roman Empire? When the unifying force of the Roman empire disappeared from Western Europe, Germanic kingdoms replaced it. Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions blended during the Middle Ages. Many Germanic tribes conquered parts of the empire. Lots of fightingRoman for power and land After converting to Christianity, Clovis earned the support of his subjects in Gaul and the pope in Rome. At the same time, Muslims were creating a new civilization and empire in the Mediterranean region. Charlemagne, Martel’s grandson, briefly united Western Europe. • He fought Muslims, aided the pope Leo 3rd in Rome, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor Christmas day 800 AD • Charlemagne was a skilled leader who revived Latin learning and brought scholars to his court. Charlemagne Video Charlemagne spread Christianity to conquered people throughout his kingdom and set up a strong, efficient government. However, the pope’s action angered the emperor in Constantinople and deepened the split between east and west. Muslim armies overran Christian lands and crossed into France. Charles Martel led Frankish warriors in the battle of Tours to push them back. After Charlemagne’s death 814 his empire was split up. His incompetent heirs faced waves of invasions from Vikings Charlemagne’s empire broke apart even more when the Vikings began attacking European coastal and river towns. • These Scandinavian people were expert sailors. • They opened trade routes linking northern Europe to the Mediterranean. • Eventually Viking become Christians Feudalism in Western Europe Feudalism was a localized political system of government based on mutual obligation. Manoralism was the economic system Weakness of Feudalism resulted in mixed loyalties and constant power struggles. King Gives Fief (land) to Lord. On the land for each of the below is a Manor. The manor includes castle, blacksmith, cloths maker, weavers, glassmaker, stables etc. Outside are the peasants who work the land and are tied to the land: Lords: In return Lords provide loyally and military Knights (trained military) Code of Chivalry an honor system for Knights to the king Lords give land To vassal (Fief) given by the Lord) they give loyalty and military aide to lord Lesser Lord (Land given by Vassals they give Loyalty and military service to the Lord. Peasants who live on the land belong to the king and stay on the land. Peasants farm the land. They get a small plot of land for their food. Out of their food they pay 10% to the Lord/Vassal. In return they are provided protection The Manor Manoralism – the economic system of Feudalism The manor includes Franklin Gothic Book (Headings) castle, blacksmith, cloths maker, weavers, glassmaker, stables etc. Outside are the peasants who work the land and are tied to the land: End of Part 1 Use of Art during the Middle Ages (Western Europe) Showed daily life Religious and hieratical Taught religious themes Middle Age art was Notice the King Charles of France 1350’s being crowned by the Pope and Bishops. The most important Hierarchal. figure is placed either farthest top or center. Proportion was not a value in art medieval art. Who is most important here? Middle Age Art and lack of Proportion Medieval art lacked proportion. Usually represented only in two dimensional space Renaissance art was proportional and introduced the appearance of three dimensional space Byzantine Art Eastern Christian Empire •Byzantine art usually featured single religious figures called “Icons.” •Byzantine art seems to radiate and glow!!! There was a great debate and battle over the religious icons the Greek Orthodox and later Protestants viewed Icons as idol worship. Many loved the Icons because they put a face with the beloved saint, bible personality etc. The Icons won Protestant churches are more modest and have less religious imagery than Catholic War over the Icons Hagia Sophia - Constantinople Justinian’s Great Byzantine Church Hagia Sophia, Constantinople Was turned into a Mosque when Constantinople fell in 1453 Elaborately painted arches and vaults and domes. Byzantine Architecture Rounded vaulted ceilings as opposed to arched. Gutenberg’s Printing Press 1445. Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445. This changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. In a Time magazine poll of 2000 the most important invention of the last 1000 years. Was the printing press. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying had been done onto parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean, smooth, and thin. The labor that went into creating them made each book very expensive. Because Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material. The Demand for Books Grows!!!! Middle Ages vs. The Renascence Western Europe Stiff, no proportion - frozen Byzantium art: usually featured a single figure. Essence not realism was important Renascence art: Lots of movement. proportional, alive elements of fun! This is Ancient Rome!!! Martin Luther The Reformation 1483 - 1546 Devout German Monk Went to Rome as a Pilgrim Saw wealth and corruption of the church Protested the use of indulgences (Payments to erase Sin) in his 95 Theses. Used the Printing Press to spread the word. Risked and was excommunicated from catholic church. Translated the Bible to German allowing all to read the word of god themselves. New religious movement Promoted literacy The Renaissance Renaissance," French for "rebirth," perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. During this era, the Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions. (Back to the Ancient World) Learning and the Arts began to flourish during the Renaissance. Why???? Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the world and brought back books saved by the Muslims. The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to spread new ideas. Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons. (Pay for art) The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to prosper Arab Scholars preserved the writings of the Ancient Greeks in their libraries Arab scholars preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks in their libraries. When the Italian cities traded with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along with goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient past, served as the basis of the Renaissance. When the Byzantine empire fell to Muslim Turks in 1453, many Christian scholars left Greece for Italy. Learning during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was much more than simply studying the work of ancient scholars. It influenced painting, sculpture, architecture and government. Paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious topics. Artists advanced the Renaissance style of showing nature and depicting the feelings of people. Printing spread ideas to the masses. Renascence Art 1420 - 1600 Adoration of the Magi While Mary and Jesus are top and center, look in the forefront. They are rich merchants. People who sponsored art were called Patrons. Often patrons were included in the paintings •Proportion •Emotion •Realism •Patrons as subjects Compared with Medieval art Renascence art alive with light and Emotion Titian Notice the use of light and dark. The background and women’s emotion all add to the impact of Mary being told she is the Mother of God “The Annunciation.” Michelangelo represented the “High Renaissance” Period by perfecting the ideals of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. What period do these figures look like? Answer: Ancient Greek and Roman. Idealism and perfection Michelangelo was a master of painting a sculpture Botticelli “The Birth of Venus” Roman pagan religion is reintroduced as fantasy. Leonardo de Vinci: A Renaissance Man: Artist Leonardo de Vinci: A Renaissance Man Science and Anatomy Leonardo de Vinci: A Renaissance Man Invention and Architect Medieval Cathedrals English Medieval Cathedrals French Cathedrals French Cathedrals Other Worldly French Cathedrals Detailed Vaults Height Renaissance Architecture St. Peter’s Basilica Rome Renaissance Architecture Florence Italy Renaissance Architecture Renaissance Architecture St. Peter’s Basilica Comparisons in Art Medieval Art (Western) Byzantine Art (Eastern) (Renaissance Art) Comparisons in Architecture Medieval (Western) Byzantine Art (Eastern) (Renaissance Art)