Download CHAPTER 7 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places

CHAPTER 8
SECTION 1
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES
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William (of Normandy) theConqueror
Common Law
King John
Magna Carta
Due Process of Law
Habeas Corpus
Parliament
Louis IX
Domain
Hundred Years War
Joan of Arc
William (of Normandy) the Conqueror – He becomes
King of England after winning the battle of Hastings.
Created the Domesday Book (Census) to establish
and enforce taxes. He was a tough and ruthless
descendant of the Vikings.
Common Law – A legal system based on customs
and court rulings.
King John – Fought war with France’s King Philip II
and his High Taxes resulted in signing the Magna
Carta.
Magna Carta – The great charter that limited King
John’s power placed the King under the rule of law
it limited the increase taxes, and protected the
citizens from unlawful jail sentences.
Due Process of Law – Requirement that
governments act fairly according to a set of rules.
Habeas Corpus – The idea that no person can be
held in prison without being charged with a specific
crime.
Parliament – The governing body in England
(legislature). The Magna Carta help limit the King’s
power.
Louis IX – Led France in 2 Crusades and is named a
saint.
Domain – Territory under one ruler.
Hundred Years War – English claims to French
lands. As a result French Kings expanded power.
Joan of Arc – Rallied French Troops was made a
saint after she was tried as a heretic and burned at
the stake.
CHAPTER 8
SECTION 2
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES
• Holy Roman Empire
• Henry IV
• Pope Gregory VII
• Lay Investiture
• Frederick Barbarossa
• Pope Innocent III
• Confront
• Concordat of Worms
Holy Roman Empire – West-Central European
Empire
Henry IV – Excommunicated by Pope Gregory for
arguing Lay Investiture
Pope Gregory VII – During Henry IV rule as Holy
Roman Emperor, the conflict between Monarchs
and the Church erupted.
Lay Investiture – Appointment of Bishops by
anyone who is not a member of the clergy.
Frederick Barbarossa – His son married an heiress of
Sicily for his goal to add Italy to his rule. His
attempts result in him losing unity within his own
territory.
Pope Innocent III – In 1198 the powerful pope claimed
(Papal) supremacy over all other rulers.
Confront – To come face to face with.
Concordat of Worms – Gave the church the sole
power to elect and invest Bishops with spiritual
authority.
CHAPTER 8
SECTION 3
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES
• Crusades
• Holy Land
• Pope Urban II
• Reconquista
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Inquisition
• Diverse
• Saladin
Crusades – A series of religiously inspire wars that
lasted for approximately 200 years. In the end
Muslims gained control of the Holy Land (10961291). Following the crusades trade and
exploration increased within Western Europe.
Holy Land – Jerusalem and its surrounding area in
Palestine where Jesus lived and preached.
Pope Urban II – Called for a crusade to free the Holy
Land.
 Reconquista – Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain
and reclaim lands for Christians. During this time
Spain was not considered a strong nation state.
 Ferdinand and Isabella – made a final push against the
Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1492, Granada fell.
The Reconquista was complete.
 Inquisition – Church court set up to try people accused
of Heresy.
 Diverse – Varied; different
 Saladin – Muslim Leader who is remembered for his
compassion to Christians and Jewish religious
followers.
CHAPTER 8
SECTION 4
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES
 Scholasticism
 Thomas Aquinas
 Vernacular
 Dante Alighieri
 Geoffrey Chaucer
 Gothic Style
 Flying Buttresses
 Illumination
 Initiate
 Cruciform
 Naïve
 Medieval Universities
Scholasticism – School of thought using logic
and reason to support Christian beliefs.
Thomas Aquinas – In a monumental work,
Summa Theologica, he concluded that faith and
reason exist in harmony.
Vernacular – Everyday language
Dante Alighieri – Italian poet who wrote the
Divine Comedy in the early 1300’s.
Geoffrey Chaucer – An English writer, who
wrote the Canterbury Tales, a story about a
band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas
Becket’s tomb.
Gothic Style – Architectural style featuring
ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, pointed
arches, stained glass windows.
Flying Buttresses – Stone supports on the
outside of building.
Illumination – A method of illustrating books
using detailed design and vivid colors.
Initiate – To start: to introduce.
Cruciform – The structure and the floor plan of
most medieval cathedrals.
Naïve – The section of the church where the
congregation, or people, sit
Medieval Universities – They are best explained
by having strict schedules.
CHAPTER 8
SECTION 5
TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES
Black Death
Epidemic
Inflation
Schism
Longbow
Authorize
Black Death – The plague’s other name. It
spread through Europe on fleas and rats. The
plague took approximately 25 million Europeans
lives. People turned to magic and witchcraft for
cures. The economic result was an increase in
labor costs with fewer people left to work.
Epidemic – Outbreak of rapidly spreading
disease
Inflation – A rise in prices linked to a rise in the
money supply.
Schism – Permanent division in the church
when the Papal court was moved to France.
Longbow – Improved medieval archery weapon.
Authorize – To have permission.
WILLIAM OF NORMANDY
Actions
Effects
• Fought Harold to
control England in
the battle of
Hastings
• Allows for English
and French
cultures to mix
• Created Domesday
Book
• Thorough system
for collecting taxes
HENRY II
Actions
Effects
• Accepted local
customs as law –
Common Law
• People use his court
instead of church or
nobility
• Allowed for juries of
common people to help
determine cases
• Archbishop Thomas
Becket argued and was
murdered by Henry’s
knights
• Used traveling justices
to help cases
• Argued over whether
he could try clergy in
his courts
KING JOHN
Actions
Effects
• Fought war with France’s
King Philip II
• Lost land in France
• England placed under
interdict had to pay a fee to
Rome to undo
• Forced to sign the Magna
Carta
• Citizens have rights
• King must obey laws
• Parliament / Legislature
• Disagreed with Pope
Innocent III about
archbishop choice
• Placed high taxes on his
people
POPE INNOCENT III
• Claimed papal supremacy over all leaders
• Placed England under interdict when King John
tried to appoint new archbishop at Canterbury
• Placed France under interdict when Philip II tried to
annul his marriage
PHILIP II (AUGUSTUS)
Actions
Effects
• Appointed middleclass men to work for
him = loyalty
• Granted many charters
• Established national
taxes
• Won foreign controlled
lands
• Became the most
powerful ruler in
Europe after beating
King John to gain
control of French
Lands
LOUIS IX
Actions
Effects
• Deeply religious
man
• Persecuted
heretics and Jews
• Led France in 2
Crusades
• Church declared
him a Saint
PHILIP IV
Actions
Effects
• Tried to tax the clergy
• Created tensions with
Pope Boniface VIII
• Papal court moved to
France
• Formed the Estates
General with reps.
From 3 classes
• Rome elected its own
Pope creating tensions
in the Church
• Established loyalty
from people but never
gained much strength
OTTO I
Actions
Effects
• Worked closely
with the church
helping to keep
down rebels
• Crowned
“emperor” of the
HRE consisting of
Germany and Italy
HENRY IV
Actions
Effects
• Disagreed with Pope
Gregory VIIIs ban of lay
investiture feeling it was
his right since he
granted them fiefs
• Asked forgiveness to
keep throne
• Continued to struggle
for power over the
church
• Excommunicated by
Pope Gregory
• Was embarrassed se he
forced Pope into exile
• Both sides agree to the
Concordat of Worms
(church elect bishops
and kings grant fiefs)
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA
Actions
Effects
• Arranged marriage of
his son to heiress of
Sicily
• Guaranteed HRE would
be involved in Italian
dealings
• Left German states
divided with power – it
will not become a
nation state until much
later than other
European countries
• His son, Frederick II,
fought over Italy for
several years