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Comunicación y Gerencia
The Protestant
Reformation
The Great Religious Upheval
Causes of the Reformation
•Corruption in the Catholic Church:
•simony (sale of church offices),
•pluralism (official holding more than one office),
•absenteeism (official not participating in
benefices),
•sale of indulgences,
•nepotism (favoring family members e.g. Medici’s),
•moral decline of the papacy,
•clerical ignorance
Causes of the Reformation
•Renaissance Humanism: de-emphasis on religion,
secularism, individualism
•Declining prestige of the papacy
•
Babylonian Captivity
•
Great Schism
•
Conciliar Movement
Causes of the Reformation
•Critics of the Church: emphasize a personal
relationship with God as primary
•John Wyclif (1329-1384), England, Lollards
•Jan Hus (1369-1415), Czech
•Savonarola (1452-1498) – theocracy in
Florence 1494-98
•Changing views of the common people.
•Secularism
•Poplular religion
Causes of the Reformation
•Christian Humanism: emphasis on early
church writings for answers to improve
society
•Desiderius Erasmus
•Thomas More
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Early Life
– Born in Saxony
– Wanted to be a lawyer,
but had religious
experience and
decided to become
Augustinian monk
– Taught theology at the
University of
Wittenberg.
Justification by Faith
• Even though Luther had become a monk
he questioned his ability to be saved.
• He read the work of the early church
fathers (St. Augustine, and St. Paul)
• In Paul’s epistle to the Romans (1:17) he
found “The just shall live by faith.”
• Luther felt that good works and
sacraments were secondary to faith in
Christ.
Johann Tetzel (1465?-1519)
– Authorized by Pope
Leo X to sell
indulgences in
Germany.
– Came to Wittenburg in
1517 selling
indulgences to pay for
St. Peter’s in Rome
– “As soon as a coin in
the coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs.”
95 Theses
• Nailed by Luther to the door of the castle
church in Wittenberg on October, 31st
1517
• Criticized sale of indulgences.
• This was inconsistent with his doctrine of
justification by faith.
John Eck (1486-1543)
-German Catholic theologian
-Opposed the Reformation & condemned
Luther's theses
-Debated Luther at Leipzig in 1520; Luther
denied both the authority of the pope and
the infallibility of a general council,
- Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo
X in 1520, Eck delivered the Papal Bull.
Diet of Worms (1521)
– Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with
power to outlaw and sentence execution
through stake-burning
– Edict of Worms: Luther outlawed by the HRE
under Emperor Charles V
– Luther goes into hiding at Wartburg Castle
under the protection of Frederick the Elector.
Here he translates the bible into German.
Confessions of Augsburg
– Presented at the Diet of Augsburg
– 1530: Written by Luther’s friend Philip Melanchthon
• Attempted compromise statement of religious
faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of
the HRE; rejected by Catholic princes
• Became traditional statement of Lutheran
beliefs:
– Salvation through faith alone
– Bible is the sole authority
– Church consists of entire Christian community
Peace of Augsburg
• After the Diet of Augsburg, Lutheran
princes for the Schmalkaldic League
(1531) against Catholic Hapsburg rulers
(Charles V)
• Civil war erupted in Germany for the next
20 years.
• Charles V seeks to stop Protestantism
and preserve hegemony of Catholicism
Peace of Augsburg
• Habsburg-Valois Wars: five wars
between 1521 and 1555 France tried to
keep Germany divided (although France
was Catholic) political impact of
Lutheranism in Germany: division lasts
until late 19th century.
• In 1555, a compromise was established
based on the formula cuius regio, eius
religio (whose region, his religion.)
Peasants’ War (1524-1525)
• (also known as Swabian Peasant
uprising)
• Twelve Articles,1525: peasants
demanded end of manorialism
(feudalism)
• Inspired by Luther; Luther opposed to
violence and peasant movement.
• As many as 100,000 peasants killed.
Impact on Women
• Lutheranism stressed marriage and the
Christian home, marriage was a woman’s
career.
• Women should be educated – schools for
girls (Philip Melancthon)
• Nunnery taken away as a way for a
women to advance in society.
Protestantism Spreads
Other Sects
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
• Humanist, catholic
priest.
• Desired reform in
the church
• 1519, broke with the
church
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
• Lead people of Zurich against
the Catholic Church
• Believed in the supremacy of
the Bible
• Colloquy of Marburg (1529):
Zwingli splits with Luther over
issue of Eucharist
John Calvin (1509-1564)
• French Catholic
priest.
• High educated.
• Agreed with Luther
on most points
(faith, Bible,
sacraments.
John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536) – major work of the Protestant
Reformation
• Calvinism: predestination, the “elect,”
• Puritan or Protestant work ethic.
• Most militant and uncompromising of
all Protestants
• Calvin established a theocracy in
Geneva
Spread of Calvinism
• Far greater impact on future generations than
Lutheranism
• Presbyterianism in Scotland, John Knox
(1505-1572); presbyters governed church
• Huguenots – French Calvinists; brutally
suppressed in France
• Dutch Reformed – United Provinces of the
Netherlands.
• Puritans and Pilgrims (a separatist minority)
in England; established colonies in America
• Countries where Calvinism did not spread:
Ireland, Spain, Italy – heavily Catholic
Radicals
• Anabaptists, John of Leyden (15091536): voluntary association of believers
with no connection to any state
• Munster: became Anabaptist stronghold;
tragedy at Munster—Protestant and
Catholic forces captured the city and
executed Anabaptist leaders
• Mennonites: founded by Menno
Simmons became descendants of
Anabaptists (Amish)
Reformation in England
• John Wycliffe (1329-1384): Lollards
• Henry VIII: 2nd of Tudor kings—
considered a “New Monarch” initially
strong ally of Pope: Defense of Seven
Sacraments; “Defender of the Faith”
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey: failed to get
Henry’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon
(originally wife of older brother Arthur)
• excommunication by Pope Paul III
Reformation in England
• Thomas Cranmer, 42 Articles of Religion:
grants Henry his divorce
• Church of England (Anglican Church)
• Act of Supremacy (1534): King is now the
head of the English Church
• Dissolution of the Monasteries – power play
• Execution of Thomas More for his opposition
• 1539, Statute of the Six Articles: Henry
attempts to maintain certain Catholic
sacraments
Successors to Henry VIII
• Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) (Son of Jane
Seymour) England becomes more Protestant,
weak ruler.
• Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) (Daughter of
Catherine of Aragontries to reimpose
Catholicism “Bloody Mary.” Married Philip II of
Spain.
• Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) (Daughter of Anne
Boleyn– the “Virgin Queen” effectively oversaw
the development of Protestantism in England
Elizabeth I
• 1559, Parliament passes
new Act of Supremacy and
Act of Uniformity.
• 1563, Thirty-Nine
Articles: defined creed of
Anglican Church under
Elizabeth I
• Puritans and Pilgrims
(Separatists) sought to
reform the church; Pilgrims
left for Holland and then
America
THE CATHOLIC COUNTER
REFORMATION
aka Catholic Reformation
Move to Reform
• Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549): Most
important pope in reforming the
Church and challenging
Protestantism, appointed ethical
clergy. Called Church Council.
• Julius III (r. 1550-1555) worldly
pope.
• Papacy comes more committed to
reform under Paul IV, (r. 1555-1559),
Pius IV (r. 1559-1565, and Pius V (r.
1566-1572)
New Religious Orders
• Ursuline order of nuns (1544):
Sought to combat heresy through
Christian education
• Discalced Carmelite Nuns
(1562) – St. Teresa of Avila (15151582), poverty and simple life.
• Capuchins (1528) reform of
Franciscans
• Oratorians (1575) St. Philip Neri
• Theatines (1523) improve
education of clergy
New Religious Orders
• Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
(1540): 3 goals—reform
church through education,
preach
• Gospel to pagan peoples,
fight Protestantism
• Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556):
founder; organized in military
fashion
• Spiritual Exercises:
contained ideas used to train
Jesuits
Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
• Spain: persecution of Mariscos (Christian Moors)
& Marranos (Christian Jews)
• Succeeded in bringing southern German and
eastern Europe back to Catholicism
• Sacred Congregation of the Holy Order, 1542, in
papal states: Roman Inquisition
• Index of Prohibited Books: catalogue of
forbidden reading
• Ended heresy in Papal States; rest of Italy not
affected significantly
Council of Trent (3 sessions 15451563)
• Established Catholic dogma four next 4
centuries
• Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and
writings of Church fathers
• Salvation by both “good works’ and faith
• 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed
• Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory
reaffirmed
• approved Index of Forbidden Books
Council of Trent
• Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences
curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, ended
nepotism
• Bishops given greater control over clergy,
seminaries established to train priests.
Results of Reformation
• The unity of Western Christianity was shattered:
Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much
of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland,
Scotland) adopted Protestantism.
• Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar
enthusiasm not seen since far back into the
Middle Ages.
• Abuses remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or
badly educated clergy were considerably
remedied by the 17th century.
• Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over
a century.