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CHARLEMAGNE UNITES GERMANIC KINGDOMS Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. Middle Ages Medieval period A.D. 500-1500 New society rooted in: Classical heritage of Rome Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church Customs of various Germanic tribes Invasions of Western Europe What was the immediate cause of the fall of the Western Roman Empire again? Right! Germanic invasions!!! Repeated warfare and invasions altered the economy, government, and culture of the people in the Western Roman Empire Economy: Disruption of trade led to the collapse of businesses, breakdown of European cities as economic centers, and scarcity of money. Government: cities were abandoned as centers of administration Culture: nobles (wealthy landowners) retreated to the rural areas when cities collapsed; cities no longer had strong leadership; people moved to the rural areas and began farming; population became rural SURVIVAL MODE What do people need for survival? Food & water Shelter What do you NOT care about when trying to survive? Language Culture Etc… Decline of Learning Germanic invaders were illiterate Romans who moved into rural areas became less concerned about education Priests and other church officials were literate Knowledge of Greek became lost (but we still have that knowledge today…SO…bonus point: WHO PRESERVED IT???) Germanic tribes had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends but no writing Loss of a Common Language Mixing of Germanic-speaking peoples with Romans change in Latin Different dialects emerged 800s: French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages evolved from Latin Various languages = continued breakup of a once unified empire Germanic Kingdoms emerge 400s-600s: small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces Let’s think about this… Which of the five traits of a civilization is necessary to maintain a civilization? In other words, if this trait disappeared, so could a civilization… INSTITUTIONS! So…which institution remained in the Western Roman Empire? A. Political institutions B. Economic institutions C. Educational institutions D. Religious institutions The Church The Church was the sole surviving institution of the Roman Empire. During this time of political chaos, the Church provided order and security. Concept of Government Changes Rome: Loyalty to public government and written laws Citizenship in a public state Germanic Kingdoms: Family ties and personal loyalty Small communities governed by unwritten rules and tradition Germanic Society Band of warriors pledged their loyalty to a Germanic chief Followers lived in lord’s hall He gave them food, weapons and treasure. Warriors fought to the death at lord’s side Outliving him was a disgrace Germanic warriors did not feel obligated to obey a king they did not know nor did they feel obligated to obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they’d never met. Stress on personal ties made it difficult to establish orderly government for large territories Clovis & the Franks Gaul (present-day France & Switzerland) Franks held power Clovis was the leader; brought Christianity to the region 496: Clovis prayed to the Christian God for help in battle; they won; they converted Church in Rome welcomed his conversion and supported his campaigns against other Germanic tribes 511: Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom Why do we care? Clovis + Roman Church = the beginning of a marriage of political and religious institutions Religion in the Middle Ages Monasteries were established to adjust to rural ways of living and became best-educated communities Monks/nuns and their illuminated manuscripts helped to preserve part of Rome’s intellectual heritage. Gregory I Became Pope and broadened the authority of the papacy (pope’s office) beyond its spiritual role Made the Church a secular power Pope’s palace became center of Roman government Used church revenue to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor Negotiated treaties with invaders Region from Italy to England and Spain to Germany fell under his responsibility Carolingian Dynasty Ruled from 751-987 Started by Pepin the Short Son, Charles, ruled the kingdom after him Charles became known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Charlemagne Built an empire larger than any since Rome Conquered lots of land Spread Christianity through his conquests First to reunite Western Europe since the Roman Empire 800: empire larger than Byzantine Empire Most powerful king in Western Europe Crushed an unruly mob who had attacked Pope Leo III Pope crowned him emperor Why do we care? This was the FIRST time a pope had claimed the political right to confer the title “Roman Emperor” on a European king. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne leads a revival…. In education! He actually was illiterate but dedicated himself to learning how to read and write. Surrounded himself with English, German, Italian, and Spanish scholars. Opened a palace school for his children Ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks and priests Charlemagne’s heirs Son Louis the Pious succeeded him Devoutly religious but politically ineffective Charlemagne’s three grandsons fought each other for control and essentially divided it with the signing of the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Carolingian kings lost power, and central authority broke down Lack of strong rulers led to new system of governing and landholding: feudalism