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Islam Deserts There is only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia •Few oases •The rest is Desert Bedouins Nomads who live in the desert Organized into tribes and clans – Clans give security and support since they live in extreme conditions – Defended themselves from other clans who wanted water, grazing territory, livestock or food supplies Islamic Way of Life • Bedouin valued – Courage – Loyalty to family – Warrior skills • This would lead to Islamic way of life Trade Routes Many trade routes connected Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes –Extreme south of the peninsula –To the Byzantine in the north –Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in the east –Transported spices to the west The Beliefs of Islam Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. Islam’s Holy Book The Quran or Koran – contains the teachings revealed to Muhammad the prophet of Allah Started in the Middle East Islam began in Saudi Arabia, in the Middle East Laws = The 5 Pillars of Islam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Faith in Allah Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca Giving alms to the poor (charity) Fasting during Ramadan Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime Allah Allah is the Islamic name for GOD Those who follow Allah are called MUSLIMS Muhammad Muhammad is the founder of Islam His teachings are written in the Koran Islam is Monotheistic What is another religion we have studied that is monotheistic = Cities that are holy • Mecca = Place Muhammad was born here; where the KAABA is located Mecca • Located in Saudi Arabia • Important stop on trade routes • During holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca and this brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba Cities that are holy Medina = City where Muhammad started Islam Cities that are holy Jerusalem = Place where Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Dome of the Rock Dome of the Rock • Located in Jerusalem • Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven Kaaba Large cube building Central place of Islamic worship This is the building Muslims face during prayer The Spread Of Islam Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. 100% Islam Crisis • Muhammad dies in 632 • Muslims now had to find a new leader • Muhammad did not name a successor Solution • Muslims chose Abu-Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad • He became the first Caliph • Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy Abu-Bakr • After Muhammad died some Muslims – Refused to pay taxes – Tried to say they were prophets themselves – Some tribes abandoned Islam • In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority. Muslim State • By the time Abu died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia • Under the next 2 caliphs they took: – Syria – Lower Egypt – Parts of Persia • By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!) Muslim Troops • They were successful because they were – Willing to struggle till the end for Islam – Well disciplined – Expertly commanded • Enemies were not used to their style of warfare Byzantine and Persia • The Byzantine and Persia were already weak from long time conflicts • The people welcomed Islam Treatment of Conquered People • Muslims were tolerant of conquered people • The Quran forbids forceful conversion –They let others keep their religion if they paid a poll tax –People who did not convert were not allowed to spread their own religions Internal Conflict • The 2 Caliphs after Abu Bakr were assassinated • After their assassinations, the elective system of choosing caliphs ended Umayyads • A family that came to power in 661 • They set up a hereditary system of getting new leaders. • They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus Umayyads • Surrounded themselves with riches • Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split. The Split • Muslims split into two groups: SHI’A • Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad SUNNI • This group followed the Umayyad rule and followed Muhammad’s example. Sufi • Another group who reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads • They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam • They meditated and chanted • Focused on the Quran Muslim Achievement Cultural Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. Muslim Architecture Cultural Blending • It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural blending can be seen • Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic Ideals • Islamic Features: –Multi-lobed interwoven arches –Domes –Minarets –Large courtyards Multi-lobed interwoven arches Domes Minarets • Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day Large Courtyards Mosaics • Artwork created using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles • Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques Arabic Alphabet • Arabic was first used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam) • Written from Right to Left • Made up of 28 letters Calligraphy • Art of beautiful handwriting • In Islam, showing living things in art was not allowed • So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves Universities • Muhammad strongly believed in the power of learning –This led to support of places of learning by Muslim Leaders • Qualified physicians = treat the sick • Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer Muslim Achievement Part 2 Scientific Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved. Math • Arabic Numbers were adapted from India – Included the number ZERO • Led to study of optics which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes Medical Advances • The Comprehensive Book – An encyclopedia of medicine using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge Science • Relied on Scientific observation and experimentation • Translated and studied Greek texts Great Muslim Empires Ottoman Mughal Safavid Ottoman Empire • Location: Stretched from Northern Africa to the Middle East • Began under a ghazi named Osman • Captured land through militaristic methods and the use of gunpowder • Conquered over 2,250 miles of land from 1451 - 1566 Suleyman the Magnificient Most prominent leader in history of Ottoman Empire Conquered much of North Africa and Central Asia during his reign Created a law code that handled both civil and criminal actions Introduced the devshirme system Mughal Empire • Location: India, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan • Began with an 11year old boy named Babur, who inherited land. • Grew through military force and tactics • Conquered over 2,100 miles of land from 1526 - 1707 Akbar’s Golden Age Most prominent leader in history of Mughal Empire Utilized cannons to break through castle walls Appointed enemies as military leaders Practiced religious tolerance and cultural blending Safavid Empire • Location: From Arabia to Persia • Began as a religious brotherhood and aligned with Shi’a branch of Islam • Located between Ottoman and Mughal empire • Conquered over 1,700 miles of land by 1683 Shah Abbas Most prominent leader in history of Safavid Empire Drew from Ottoman, Persian, and Arab cultures Reformed both aspects of military and civilian life Supported art works and architecture