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Islam
Deserts
There is only a small strip of fertile
land in south of Saudi Arabia
•Few oases
•The rest is Desert
Bedouins
Nomads who live in the
desert
Organized into tribes and
clans
– Clans give security and
support since they live
in extreme conditions
– Defended themselves
from other clans who
wanted water, grazing
territory, livestock or
food supplies
Islamic Way of Life
• Bedouin valued
– Courage
– Loyalty to family
– Warrior skills
• This would lead to
Islamic way of life
Trade Routes
Many trade routes connected
Arabia to major ocean and land
trade routes
–Extreme south of the peninsula
–To the Byzantine in the north
–Caravan routes went to the Silk
Roads in the east
–Transported spices to the west
The Beliefs of
Islam
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Islam’s Holy
Book
The Quran or Koran – contains the
teachings revealed to Muhammad
the prophet of Allah
Started in the
Middle East
Islam began
in Saudi
Arabia, in the
Middle East
Laws = The 5
Pillars of Islam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith in Allah
Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
Giving alms to the poor (charity)
Fasting during Ramadan
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once
in their lifetime
Allah
Allah is the Islamic
name for GOD
Those who follow
Allah are called
MUSLIMS
Muhammad
Muhammad is the founder of
Islam
His teachings are written in the
Koran
Islam is Monotheistic
What is another religion
we have studied that is
monotheistic =
Cities that are holy
• Mecca = Place
Muhammad
was born here;
where the
KAABA is
located
Mecca
• Located in Saudi Arabia
• Important stop on trade routes
• During holy months, caravans
stopped in Mecca and this
brought religious pilgrims
who came to worship at the
Kaaba
Cities that
are holy
Medina = City
where
Muhammad
started Islam
Cities that are holy
Jerusalem =
Place where
Muhammad
ascended to
heaven from the
Dome of the
Rock
Dome of the Rock
• Located in Jerusalem
• Rock in the center is believed to be
the spot from where Muhammad
ascended (rose)
up to
Heaven
Kaaba
Large cube building
Central place of
Islamic worship
This is the building
Muslims face
during prayer
The
Spread Of
Islam
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
100%
Islam
Crisis
• Muhammad dies
in 632
• Muslims now
had to find a
new leader
• Muhammad did
not name a
successor
Solution
• Muslims chose
Abu-Bakr who was
a loyal friend of
Muhammad
• He became the
first Caliph
• Caliph – (kay-lif)
means successor or
deputy
Abu-Bakr
• After Muhammad died
some Muslims
– Refused to pay taxes
– Tried to say they were
prophets themselves
– Some tribes abandoned
Islam
• In order to get things under
control, Abu-Bakr used the
military to get authority.
Muslim State
• By the time Abu died, the Muslim
state controlled all of Arabia
• Under the next 2 caliphs they took:
– Syria
– Lower Egypt
– Parts of Persia
• By 750 they controlled from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x
the width of the USA!!)
Muslim Troops
• They were
successful
because they were
– Willing to struggle
till the end for Islam
– Well disciplined
– Expertly
commanded
• Enemies were not
used to their style of
warfare
Byzantine and Persia
• The Byzantine and Persia were
already weak from long time
conflicts
• The people welcomed Islam
Treatment of
Conquered
People
• Muslims were tolerant of conquered people
• The Quran forbids forceful conversion
–They let others keep their religion if
they paid a poll tax
–People who did not convert were not
allowed to spread their own religions
Internal Conflict
• The 2 Caliphs after
Abu Bakr were
assassinated
• After their
assassinations, the
elective system of
choosing caliphs
ended
Umayyads
• A family that came
to power in 661
• They set up a
hereditary
system of getting
new leaders.
• They moved the
Muslim capital to
Damascus
Umayyads
• Surrounded
themselves with
riches
• Some Muslims
did not agree
with the
Umayyads and
split.
The Split
• Muslims split into two
groups:
SHI’A
• Believe the leader should be
a relative of Muhammad
SUNNI
• This group followed the
Umayyad rule and followed
Muhammad’s example.
Sufi
• Another group who
reacted against the rich
life of the Umayyads
• They led a life of
poverty and devotion
to the spiritual life of
Islam
• They meditated and
chanted
• Focused on the Quran
Muslim
Achievement
Cultural Contributions
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Muslim Architecture
Cultural Blending
• It is in Architecture that the greatest
cultural blending can be seen
• Already existing buildings were
modified by Islamic Ideals
• Islamic Features:
–Multi-lobed interwoven arches
–Domes
–Minarets
–Large courtyards
Multi-lobed interwoven arches
Domes
Minarets
• Towers
built from
where
Muslims
are called
to prayer 5
times a day
Large Courtyards
Mosaics
• Artwork created
using tiny pieces
of colored glass
tiles
• Muslims use
mosaics to create
geometric
decorations on
Mosques
Arabic Alphabet
• Arabic was first
used to translate the
context of the Quran
(The Holy Book of
Islam)
• Written from Right to
Left
• Made up of 28 letters
Calligraphy
• Art of beautiful
handwriting
• In Islam, showing
living things in art
was not allowed
• So artists turned
to calligraphy to
express
themselves
Universities
• Muhammad strongly believed in
the power of learning
–This led to support of places of
learning by Muslim Leaders
• Qualified physicians = treat the sick
• Mathematicians and Astronomers
= Calculated times for prayer
Muslim
Achievement
Part 2
Scientific Contributions
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Math
• Arabic Numbers were
adapted from India
– Included the number
ZERO
• Led to study of optics
which helped develop
lenses for telescopes
and microscopes
Medical Advances
• The Comprehensive
Book – An
encyclopedia of
medicine using
knowledge from
Greek, Syrian, Arabic
and Indian sources of
knowledge
Science
• Relied on
Scientific
observation and
experimentation
• Translated and
studied Greek
texts
Great
Muslim
Empires
Ottoman
Mughal
Safavid
Ottoman
Empire
• Location: Stretched
from Northern Africa
to the Middle East
• Began under a ghazi
named Osman
• Captured land through
militaristic methods and
the use of gunpowder
• Conquered over 2,250
miles of land from
1451 - 1566
Suleyman the
Magnificient




Most prominent
leader in history of
Ottoman Empire
Conquered much of
North Africa and
Central Asia during his
reign
Created a law code
that handled both
civil and criminal
actions
Introduced the
devshirme system
Mughal
Empire
• Location: India,
Uzbekistan, and
Tajikistan
• Began with an 11year old boy named
Babur, who
inherited land.
• Grew through military
force and tactics
• Conquered over
2,100 miles of land
from 1526 - 1707
Akbar’s Golden
Age




Most prominent
leader in history of
Mughal Empire
Utilized cannons to
break through castle
walls
Appointed enemies
as military leaders
Practiced religious
tolerance and
cultural blending
Safavid
Empire
• Location: From
Arabia to Persia
• Began as a religious
brotherhood and
aligned with Shi’a
branch of Islam
• Located between
Ottoman and Mughal
empire
• Conquered over
1,700 miles of land
by 1683
Shah Abbas




Most prominent
leader in history of
Safavid Empire
Drew from Ottoman,
Persian, and Arab
cultures
Reformed both
aspects of military
and civilian life
Supported art works
and architecture