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Arab Life • Arabs, Israelites, Phoenicians and Chaldeans were descendants of the Semitic tribes • Location – Arabian peninsula composed mainly of arid plains and deserts with the exception of the southwestern region • Lives of the Bedouin (nomad) 1 Arab Life • Lives of the Bedouin (nomad) – – – – – – – lived in tribes made up of related families leading each tribe was a sheikh each tribe independent – all loosely connected believed in retaliation – “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” Expanded the caravan trade route into their area Towns developed along trade routes Major carriers of goods between Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean (where Silk Road ended) 2 Makkah (Mecca) • most important town, crossroad of commerce • Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael – Ishmael is believed to have built the Kaaba – Kaaba revered for its association to Abraham • Kaaba – House of worship, cornerstone was the Black Stone – contained statues of many Arab deities • Allah - supreme god, believed in other gods 3 The Life of Muhammad • Muhammad and His Message • Muhammad was born around A.D. 570 • Khadija proposed marriage to him at 25 yrs of age (a rich widow) • troubled by growing gap between – honesty and generosity of most Makkans – Greediness of the rich trading elites in the city 4 Revelation • heard a voice calling him to be the apostle of the one true deity – Allah (God) – Believed Allah had revealed himself in part through Moses and Jesus (Hebrew and Christian tradition) – Final revelations of Allah were now being given to him • • • • “rise and warn” the people about divine judgment A.D. 613 he began sharing his message all who believed in Allah were equal Kadija and members of Muhammad’s family became the first Muslims – followers of Islam 5 Opposition to Islam • rejected by wealthy and other religious leaders • wanted to continue polytheistic worship • forced to depart Makkah for Yathrib • departure to Yathrib known as the Hijrah or emigration (A.D. 622) • the Hijrah marks the beginning of the Islamic era and 1st year of the Muslim calendar • center of Islam Yathrib became known as Madinah 6 Acceptance of Islam • A.D. 630 the Makkans accepted Islam and Muhammad as God’s prophet • Muslims destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and turned the shrine into a place of worship • Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam • Muhammad died at Madnah in A.D. 632 • Muhammad has several daughters, no sons 7 The Quran • according to Muslim tradition the angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over 22 yrs • Muhammad’s successor was his father-in-law Abu Bakr became the 1st caliph • The Quran is composed of God’s messages as revealed to Muhammad 8 The Quran • The Quran is composed of God’s messages as revealed to Muhammad • Quran means “recital”, the final authority in matters of faith and life style • contains Noah’s ark, Jonah in the whale’s belly • Quran presents basic moral values of Islam which are similar to Judaism and Christianity • Contains rules for: marriage, divorce, family life, property inheritance, business practices • to be a Muslim is not simply to worship Allah but also to live one’s life according to Allah’s teachings as revealed in the Quran (compiled in 635) 9 Social Structure • Islam - all people are equal in the eyes of Allah – reality was a fairly defined upper class: • ruling families, senior officials, nomadic elites, and the wealthiest merchants – slaves were not equal • Muslims could not be slaves • Slaves came from Africa or from non-Islamic populations • many captured in war • many military slaves were freed, some exercised considerable power 10 Social Structure • Islamic law – slaves should be treated fairly – considered a good act to free them 11 The Role of Women – The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men – Women had the right to the fruits of her work and to own and inherit property – Women played prominent roles in the rise of Islam during the time of Muhammad – Islamic teachings did account for differences between men and women in the family and social order 12 The Role of Women – – – – every woman had a male guardian Parents or guardians arranged marriages Quran – men could have no more than four wives Women had the right to freely enter into marriage, and right to divorce –under some circumstances – Adultery was forbidden to both men and women 13 The Role of Women – After the spread of Islam, older customs eroded the rights enjoyed by early Muslim women • Some secluded in their homes • Kept from social contact with males outside their own families • Had to cover virtually all parts of their bodies when appearing in public 14 Law • law and religion cannot be separated in Islamic society • shari’ah – code of law containing Islamic moral rules 15 Five Pillars of Islam • 5 essential duties of all Muslims • 1st – Belief or Shahaodatayn – believing there is on deity but the One God, and Muhummad is his messenger – Abraham, Moses and Jesus considered prophets • 2nd – Prayer or Slaah – fives times daily while facing Makkah – an imam is the prayer leader 16 Five Pillars of Islam • 3rd – Charity or Zakaah – giving alms or to the poor • 4th – Fasting or Siyaam – occurs during the month of Ramadan – fast from sunrise to sunset • 5th pilgrimage or Haji to Makkah – making a pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime – 3 days of ceremony, prayer and sacrifice 17 The Rightly Guided Caliphs • 1st four caliphs elected for life • 1st caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law – Muhammad did not have any sons • the last was this son-in-law Ali, who married Fatimah 18 The Arab Empire and Its Successors • Creation of an Arab Empire – Abu Bakr named caliph, successor to Muhammad – Quran permitted fair, defensive warfare as jihad or “struggle in the way of God” – Muhammad’s successors expanded the territory – Arab soldiers believed that they were assured a place in Paradise if they died in battle 19 The Arab Empire and Its Successors • Creation of an Arab Empire – No clear successors to Abu Bakr – next two caliphs were assassinated – 656 Ali became caliph – assassinated after 5 yrs – Conquered people not forced to convert to Islam – required to be loyal to Muslim rule and to pay taxes 20 The Umayyads • 661 Gen. Mu’awiyah, Ali’s rival became caliph – Made the office of caliph (caliphate) hereditary - establishing the Umayyad dynasty – Moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus – The spread of Islam into Europe was halted by Charles Martel’s victory in France 21 Division Within Islam • A.D. 661 Ali was killed by a disillusioned follower • Ali’s eldest son refused the caliphate • Mu’awiyah became the 1st caliph of the Umayyad dynasty • Shiite – followers of Ali never accepted Mu’awiyah’s rule – they claimed the caliphate for Ali’s son Husayn – Umayyad troops massacred Husayn and his men, cut off his head as a gift 22 Division Within Islam • murders of Ali and Husayn led to a permanent schism in the Islamic world – the Sunni – majority in the Muslim world – the Shiite – majority in Iraq and Iran 23 Abbasids – 750 - 1258 • Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s uncle – Overthrew the Umayyad dynasty – Established the Abbasid dynasty • the Abbasids built a new city Baghdad on the Tigris River 24 Abbasids – 750 - 1258 • Harun al-Rashid – Best known caliph – Reign described as the golden age of Abbasid rule • Baghdad became the center of enormous trade 25 Decline and Division • Harun al-Rashid died – two sons fought to succeed him, almost destroying Baghdad • Rulers of the provinces began to break away from the central authority and establish independent dynasties • New dynasty under the Fatimids established in Egypt • Fatimid dynasty in Egypt became the dynamic center of Islamic civilization • By 973 the Muslim empire was politically divided 26 The Seljuk Turks • Nomadic people from central Asia • Converted to Islam, soldiers for the Abbasid caliphate • 11th century they took over the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Empire • 1055, Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire 27 The Seljuk Turks • His title was sultan or “holder of power” • Turks held the real military and political power • Abbasid caliph remained the chief religious authority 28 The Crusades • Byzantine emperor Alexius I – asked the Christian states of Europe for help against the Turks – a series of crusades began in 1096 • 1169 Saladin made himself sultan, ending the Fatimid dynasty – 1187 invaded Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian forces there – Did not allow a massacre of the population – Allowed the Christian religious services to continue 29 The Crusades • Crusades had little lasting impact on Southwest Asia • except to breed centuries of mistrust between Muslims and Christians 30 The Mongols • pastoral people who swept out of the Gobi in 13th century to seize control over much of the known world • destructive in their conquest – burned cities to the ground – destroyed dams – reduced farming villages to point of mass starvation – goal was to create such terror that people would not fight back 31 The Mongols • led by Genghis Khan in North China • Hulegu (brother of Kublai Khan) – Seized Persia and Mesopotamia – ended the Abbasid caliphate at Baghdad • attempt to seize Egypt failed – in part because of resistance from the Mamluks – Mamluks were Turkish slave-soldiers who overthrew the administration set up by Saladin and seized power for themselves 32 The Mongols • Mongol rulers converted to Islam and began to intermarry locals • New Islamic center became Cairo, in Egypt 33 Islamic Achievements • Abbasid caliph Ma’mum – founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad as a center of research • Mathematics – Gupta mathematicians in India devised the Arabic numerals and the concept of zero • Chemistry and Medicine – al-Razi classified chemical substances as animal, mineral or vegetable – system still used today – Ibn Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine – book of medical knowledge 34 Art and Architecture • calligraphy – script written in Arabic • arabesques were geometric designs used in decoration • No representation of the prophet Muhammad adorns a mosque, in painting or in any other art form – Quran does not forbid representational painting – The Hadith, an early collection of the prophet’s sayings, warns against any attempt to imitate God by creating pictures of living beings 35 Literature • Cordoba was a Umayyad center with over 70 libraries • Omar Khayyam – wrote the Rubaiyat – best known work of the period • The 1001 Nights (The Arabian Nights) was another 36 Philosophy and History • Moses Maimonides – great Jewish philosopher who wrote in Egypt; – Tried to reconcile his faith with the teachings of Aristotle 37 38 39 40 41