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Based on the picture and
your readings, what
conclusions can you draw?
What are the people doing?
Why do Muslims kneel,
bow, and touch their
foreheads to the ground
when they pray?
Islam’s most sacred sanctuary
Located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.
It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba
50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long
The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran
 Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran
 Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.
 Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here
 He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people
 Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice
his son, Isaac
1. The Shahada
 The testimony.

The declaration of faith:
There is no god worthy of
worship except God, and
Muhammad is His
Messenger [or Prophet].
1
2. The Salat
 The mandatory prayers
performed 5 times a day:
* dawn
* noon
* late afternoon
* sunset
* before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
2
2. The Salat
 The call to prayer by the
muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.
2
3. The Zakat
 Almsgiving (charitable
donations).

Muslims believe that all things
belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification”
and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.
3
4. The Sawm
 Fasting during the holy month
of Ramadan.


Considered a method of selfpurification.
No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan.
4
5. The Hajj
 The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a
Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the
pilgrimage
every
year.
5
5. The Hajj
 Those who complete the
pilgrimage can add the title
hajji to their name.
5
Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is
revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto
Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the
tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and
that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We
make no distinction between any of them, and unto
Him we have surrendered.
1. What does this Quran passage tell you about how
Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets
and Jesus? They accept them
2. How do Muslims view Jesus? As equals to the prophets
3. What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and
Christians share? Monotheistic; share some of the Prophets
What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world?
What 3 cities were important trade centers?
Trade & agriculture
Baghdad, Cairo, & Damascus
Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the
Arab Empire?
In the Countryside
The Arab Empire and Its Successors
500 C.E.
570 C.E.
Birth of
Muhammad
700 C.E.
900 C.E.
Umayyad Dynasty
Hussein leads revolt
against Umayyad rule
1300 C.E.
750-1258
661-750 C.E.
680 C.E.
1100 C.E.
Abbasid Dynasty
1. Which Muslim dynasty was in power
in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were
defeated in Gaul, halting Arab
expansion in Europe? Umayyad
2. About how many years did the
Abbasid Dynasty last? 500 years
3. Muslims split into 2 main sects
(Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by
Hussein in what year? 680 C.E.
The Dar al-Islam
Unifying source
Compare to European Catholicism
The World
of Islam
1
2
3
4
5
The Mosque
 The Muslim place of worship.
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rock
where Muhammad ascended into heaven.
 Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.
 Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here
 He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people
 Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared
to sacrifice his son, Isaac
Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us
and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac,
and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received,
and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no
distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered.
1. What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view
the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus?
2. How do Muslims view Jesus?
They accept them
3. What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share?
As equals to the prophets
Monotheistic; share some of the Prophets
Other Islamic Religious Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia  body of Islamic law to
regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam:
* Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
Essential Question:
Why was Islam
able to spread so
quickly and convert
so many to the
new religion?
The Spread of Islam

Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of
the Book,” were allowed religious
freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable”  nomads & trade
routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).
What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world? Trade & agriculture
What 3 cities were important trade centers? Baghdad, Cairo, & Damascus
Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of
the Arab Empire? In the Countryside
The Arab Empire and Its Successors
500 C.E.
570 C.E.
Birth of
Muhammad
700 C.E.
900 C.E.
Umayyad Dynasty
Hussein leads revolt
against Umayyad rule
1300 C.E.
750-1258
661-750 C.E.
680 C.E.
1100 C.E.
Abbasid Dynasty
1. Which Muslim dynasty was in power
in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were
defeated in Gaul, halting Arab
expansion in Europe? Umayyad
2. About how many years did the
Abbasid Dynasty last? 500 years
3. Muslims split into 2 main sects
(Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by
Hussein in what year? 680 C.E.
Umayyad
• Bedouin – Nomadic clans
--------------------------------------------------Problems
• No successor to Muhammad
• Caliph – Political and religious
successor to Muhammad
•
•
•
•
Sunni
Muhammad left no
successor
Felt caliph should
be chosen by
Muslim leaders
One is appointed
from among peers
Abu Bakr—Friend
of Muhammad
Shiite
• Muhammad left a
chosen successor
• Felt only true
successors were
blood descendents
of Muhammad
• Ali—Son-in-law,
cousin of
Muhammad
First Three Caliph’s
Abu Bakr
• Expands the faith
Umar
• Brought Jerusalem under control
Uthman
• Belongs to Umayyad clan
• Murdered—Causes great conflict!!!
Ali
• Shiite
• Appointed new Caliph
Mu’awiya
• Sunni
• Leader of Umayyads
• Proclaimed Caliph
Ali is Murdered
Umayyad Rule
• Starts with Mu’awiya
• Capital moved to
Damascus
– Booty
– Taxes
– Governors
– Religious freedom
– Construction projects
Decline and Fall
• Some abandon simple lifestyle
• Many Muslims dissatisfied
Abbas – Leader of dissatisfied Muslims
• Allies with Shiites
• Revolt against Damascus
• Reconciliation Banquet
– Slaughtered Umayyads
Abbasid
750-1258
• Independent kingdoms forming
• 1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority
–captured and controlled
Baghdad
• Crusades 1095
–Christians capture portions of
Holy Land
–Saladin
• Mongols 1258
Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197
1.
How far north did the Islam empires spread?
Stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in France in 732;
ended Arab European expansion
2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?
Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arabs controlled some of the
richest trade routes and provinces in the world
The
Crusades
In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine
where Jesus Christ had lived and preached
Muslims were tolerant
let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths
Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
Persecuted Christian pilgrims
1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert;
Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for
help
 Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the
Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics
The Crusades
continued
Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their
tunics & marched to fight/die for God
1st Crusade: (1096-1099)
 French, German, and Italian armies captured
Jerusalem
 Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims &
Jews; stole/ransacked goods
 Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding
territories vulnerable
 Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa
2nd Crusade: (1147-1149)
 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back
Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in
1187 for the Muslims
The Crusades
continued
3rd Crusade: (1189-1192)
 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river
 English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by
sea
 captured the coastal cities
 unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem
 Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the
coast
 King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here
 Muslim leader
 Established the
Ayyubid Dynasty
 Very devout
 Legendary chivalry
 Defeated
Europeans in the 2nd
& 3rd Crusades
Saladin (1138-1193)
 Spared Jerusalem
 Made Cairo a
vibrant medieval city
The Crusades
continued
4th Crusade (1202-1204)
 Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest
economic competitor
 Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and
ruled it until 1261
 Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261
 Byzantine Empire never regained their great power
 Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in
What was the main effect of the Crusades?
 Italian port cities prospered economically
 Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices,
coffee, tea, science, and knowledge
 Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to
travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods
 Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more
aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in
Asia, Africa, and the Americas
 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;
weakened the Byzantine Empire
 Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe
 Broke down feudalism;
Paved the way for the development of European nation-states
Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust
& enmity between Muslims &Christians
• Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s
works
• Spread the Indian # system with 0;
easier to us than Roman numerals
• Europeans mislabeled the system
“Arabic”
• Developed Algebra
• Knew the Earth was round
• Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the sun and the stars.
• Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of the sphere and
calculated the time of day or year. This was useful for mapmaking and
calendars.
Ibn Sina
- wrote medical encyclopedia
-“The” University medical textbook
Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost text on surgery in
Europe for nearly 500 years
Ibn Khaldun (14th C)
- Muslim historian
- Civilizations rise/decay in
cycles
Omar Khayyam (12th C) - Rubiyat
- Arabian Nights
Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Mosque of Cordova, Spain
Center of learning & culture
Calligraphy
Arabesques
Arab dhow with lateen sails
1304-1349?
 Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the
postclassical world
 Islamic scholar who recorded his travels
throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)
 Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain,
Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldives Islands,
East Africa, and the Mali Empire
 Worked in government positions everywhere
he went as an adviser or judge
 Promoted the proper observance of Islam