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South/Southeast Asia & the Spread of Islam Chapter 7 Pg. 160-170 Spread of Islam to S. Asia • All previous invaders were assimilated into Indian culture until Islam • Islam & Hinduism are virtually opposite religions 1st Muslim Invasions • 711 CE: first Muslim advance & interaction with India – little enduring change – Result of previously established trade links – Arabs welcomed Indian Influences on Islam • Islamic civ further advanced by contact with another advanced society: India – Math, particularly numerals – Science – Arts & customs 2nd Muslim Invasions • 962 CE: Mahmud of Ghazni begins raids – Focused in NW India – Drawn by wealth & desire to spread Islam • 1190 CE: Muhammad of Ghur transitions to campaign for political control – Extended control over northern & NE India • Delhi Sultanate formed Patterns of Conversion • Indians were predominantly converted by Sufi merchants & missionaries – Successful in NW India & Bengal among Buddhists & low-castes Patterns of Accommodation • Despite widespread business contacts, Muslims had little impact on Indian culture • Instead, Muslims adopted many aspects of Indian culture Islam vs. Hinduism • Islamic challenge: proselytizing, strong appeal • Hindu revival: emphasized bhakti movements w/ personal emotional devotion Stand-off • Islamic-Hindu similarities vigorously denounced by orthodox ulama & brahmans • However, India remained one of the least affected areas with vigorous contact Spread of Islam to SE Asia • SE Asia: land of trade & converging influence – Exposed to Islam as Arabs gained Indian Ocean dominance – Islam spread rapidly w/ fall of Buddhist Shrivijaya empire Trading Contacts & Conversion • Islam spread rapidly & peacefully through traders & Sufis – Port cities key vs. less receptive areas with established religion Sufis & SE Asian Islam • Sufis mystical approach allowed for much greater tolerance & local adaptation – EX: women Global Connections • Islamic civ became great conduit during postclassical era, changing world as a result • Yet, division & orthodoxy allowed Islamic civilization to be increasingly exploited Questions • Assess the connection between Islam & commerce. – “O you who believe, devour not excessive interest, doubling the sum lent. Fear Allah, that you may really prosper.” (Quran) – “Give just measure & cause no loss to others by fraud. Weigh with scales true & upright. Withhold not things justly due to men.” (Quran) – “Truthfulness leads to righteousness, & righteousness leads to Paradise. Falsehood leads to wickedness, & wickedness leads to Hell.” (Hadith) – “Gold is to be paid for by gold, silver by silver, wheat by wheat - equal for equal, payment being made on the spot. If the species differ, sell as you wish provided that payment is made on the spot.” (Hadith)