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Islam Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert) Bedouins—nomadic herders Tribes—Everyone obeys rules=survival Blood feuds Mecca —important trading city Kaaba (housed statues of many Arab gods) Muhammad Born in Mecca 570 AD HONEST caravan leader Married wealthy widow Devoted time to reflecting on life 610—Muhammad had revelations Allah (Arabic word for God) told Muhammad to “Recite!” –Warned against idol worship & sin –Allah was one true god Wealthy merchants feared Islam would stop tourism to Kaaba & threaten profit Mecca’s merchants threatened Muslims 622—Muhammad & Muslims fled from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah (flight) City’s name changed to Medina 622—beginning of Muslim calendar 624—Medina Compact –place loyalty to Islamic community over tribe 630—Muhammad invaded Mecca Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba Qur’an (Koran) which means “recital” is the Muslim holy book –Conversations between Muhammad & angel Gabriel Qur’an Moral Values: – Honor their parents – Kindness to neighbors – Protect orphans & widows – Give generously to the poor – Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery are condemned – Gambling, eating pork, & drinking alcohol are NOT ALLOWED – The Quran also has rules for divorce & marriage 5 PILLARS OF ISLAM 1.) Faith – belief in Allah— 1 true God 2.) Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca— sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, & evening (mosques have minarets, towers, where people made call to prayer) 3.) Fasting – Occurs during month of Ramadan— 9th month in the Muslim calendar 4.) Alms giving – Charity 5.) Pilgrimage – Trip to Mecca – Called a hajj Halal Word means lawful Refers to foods that are OK for Muslims to eat Similar to Jewish “kosher” food Mammals that both chew their cud and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded (Leviticus 11:3–8) Caliphs=Muhammad’s successors 632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s old friend) 1st caliph 634: Umar –Added Iraq, Syria, Jerusalem, & Egypt What is jihad? Struggle for Islam God said to His Prophet, 'Do not obey the kafireen (those who reject the truth) but wage jihad with it (the Qur'an) against them. [25:52]'" 644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law & cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clan – Umayyad killed & Ali became caliph CIVIL WAR – Ali’s forces vs. Umayyads – Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made caliph starting Umayyad Dynasty Sunni Shiite (Shi’a) Majority of Mostly in Iraq & world’s Muslims Iran Caliph can be Caliph should be any devout descendant of Muslim Muhammad accepted by the people Umayyad Dynasty 661 - 750 Carried Islam into India, China, North Africa, & Spain Built Dome of the Rock Muslims pushed into France Battle of Tours 732 stopped spread of Islam into Western Europe 747—non-Arab Muslims & Shiites overthrew Umayyads Abbasid Dynasty 750 - 1258 Capital in Baghdad House of Wisdom Library Greek & Indian texts translated into Arabic 1055—Baghdad captured by Seljuk Turks 1100s—Christian soldiers (crusaders) from Europe in Holy War 1258—Mongols invaded Baghdad & ended Abbasid Dynasty Ottoman Turks help Arabs Family Life Men could have up to 4 wives –Wives treated equally Women could only go out to mosque or market Mathematics Adopted Indian numbers, calling them Arabic numerals Algebra Astronomy & Geography Astrolabe Outlined map of Asia, Europe, & North Africa Medicine Al-Razi—diagnosed smallpox & measles Ibn Sina wrote Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia Optics (study of sight) Art Arabic script to decorate mosques Geometric designs, leaves, flowers Literature Arabian Nights “The Thousand and One Nights”